Investigating the Physiological Response of Anxiety Essay Example for Free

Investigating the Physiological Response of Anxiety EssayInvestigating the physiological chemical reaction of perplexity through universal fellowship and mathematics call into questionnaires, with a focus of inducing perplexity through medicament.The develop of this study was to investigate the physiological personal effects associated with math anxiety, with a further aim to explore this in singing to tense medication exposure. It was hypothesised that a maths questionnaire would produce a signifi nettly superior anxiety response than a general knowledge questionnaire. It was likewise hypothesised that exposure to tense music would produce a substantially greater anxiety response than silence. superchargeto a greater extent, it would be expected to observe a significant interaction among the music condition and question guinea pig. The results of a mixed subjects factorial ANOVA revealed that participants heart crop was importantly higher when presented wit h the math questionnaire oer the general knowledge questionnaire. The presence of tense music did not significantly influence the take aim of physiological arousal. The only conclusion drawn accordingly is that math questions elicit greater physiological arousal than general knowledge questions.Anxiety, like charge, is an emotion. It is a normal and totally necessary biological survival machine which everybody experiences. It tells us that something is a threat to our survival and motivates us to confront or avoid that threat. (Simmons Daw, 1994).Fear can be distinguished from anxiety in that fear focuses on specific situations or objects and occurs in their proximity, whereas anxiety occurs in anticipation of such. The amount of anxiety we feel should be proportionate to the reality of the threat comprise by the situation, however, sometimes this is not the case.It is important to realise that this biological response is in essence the same as that experienced by other animal s. However, in humans who involve the power of thought or c at a timeptualisation, the ability to anticipate fear or anxiety itself becomes part of the cycle of anxiety and makes the problem more complex. (Simmons Daw, 1994)The concept of anxiety can be dated back as far as Aristotle (384 BC 322 BC). The basis of Aristotles philosophy was that for every attribute there is an scanty, a deficiency and between the two, a regard as the mean being the optimum or most desirable amount of the trait. For shame, he indicates that an excess of the trait would be shamelessness, the mean, modesty, and the deficiency being shyness. This can be cogitate to anxiety in that someone who is shy can be said to be feeling too much anxiety whereas a shameless person therefore lacks a certain amount of anxiety. Aristotles aim was for one to be conscious of experiencing the optimum amount of anxiety tending(p) the situation or circumstance. (The Anxiety Support Network, Accessed 25/02/2012).Many people suffer from continual unrealistic, untamed amounts of fear and anxiety. This is where anxiety and fear build up and exceed rational and beneficial levels, cognize as anxiety illnesss. The most common anxiety dis hallow is that of simple phobias, estimated to affect one in ten (Barondes 1993 cited Wicken 2009). A more serious anxiety dis purchase order is that of panic disorder. This can be characterized by the fast onset of very apparent, overt physiological symptoms such as shortness of breath, irregularities in heartbeat and a variety of other autonomic symptoms. Somebody with a social anxiety disorder would be characterized by an excessive fear of being exposed to the scrutiny of other people, leading to avoidance of social situations. Furthermore, verbalise anxiety disorder consumes ones life with excessive anxiety and worry causing major disruption. (Carlson, 2010).Some people suffer from mathematics related anxiety. This has been characterized as an adverse ablaz e reaction to math or the prospect of doing math (Richardson Suinn, 1972 cited Micke et al 2011). Individuals with high maths anxiety tend to per plaster cast badly when presented with mathematics stimuli (Cates Rhymer, 2003 cited Bai et al) One of the key cognitive mechanisms in math problem solving, and a significant area of research within the math cognition domain, is the use of goods and services of the working memory system (Ashcraft Kirk, 2001 LeFevre, DeStafano, Coleman, Shanahan, 2005 cited Legg and Locker 2009).The anxiety response is controlled by the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system. The autonomic division ope calculates mainly beyond our control, mostly below consciousness and can be entirely automatic responses. The autonomic division comprises two parts the philanthropic and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic system prepares us for action in the face of possible danger. This is commonly referred to and known as the Fight-Flig ht reaction. Contrarily the parasympathetic system acts to redress the balance once the crisis has passed. (Simmons Daw, 1994). The way in which we are prepared for action is by the release of neurotransmitters adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla (Wickens 2009). This leads to an amplify in heart compute and breathing as well as increased blood flow to the skeletal muscles.The limbic system of the brain contains a number of structures that contribute to emotional behaviour, one of which being the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system and emotional behaviour. This has been demonst sum upd by the work Philip costume (1930, cited Wickens 2009) where lesions to the hypothalamus of cats eliminated rage whereas lesions to the cerebral cortex tended to provoke such. Another structure of the limbic system, the amygdaloid nucleus, has been shown to be particularly important in regulating aggression and fear. This was demonst appreciated by Kluver and Bucy in the late 1930s (cited Wickens 2009) where rhesus monkeys displayed dramatically reduced fear and aggression spare-time activity lesions to the amygdala. Conversely, electrical stimulation of this structure in humans elicited fear and aggression.Another constituent of the limbic system is the hippocampus. Although mainly concerned with memory, it has been shown to be of interest in the study of anxiety. A neurobiological model known as the behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) was proposed by Grey (1982, cited Hoffman Kim 2006). This system proposes to be the basis of aversive motivational functions. It is sensitive to conditioned aversive and utmost(a) novel stimuli and is activated in response to punishment and cues of frustrative non-reward (Hoffman Kim 2006). Its underlying neural circuits are believed to play an important role in anticipating and assessing threats.Contrary to the BIS, the Behavioural App roach System (BAS) underlies appetitive motivational functions and governs behaviours that are intended to maximise rewards and minimize punishment (Fowles 1980, cited Hoffman Kim 2006) Research by Gray into the effects anxiolytic drugs would have on an animals behavioural response to punishment lead to a belief that the BIS represented an anxiety system. Further, trait anxiety may be a quicksilver(a) marker for the BIS, potentially allowing the assumption that trait anxiety reflects individual differences in the re natural action of the system.Trait anxiety has been defined as an individuals sensitivity to respond (Spielberger, 1966, cited Hoffman Kim). This predisposition can affect the anxiety response in a number of situations such as physical danger, social evaluation and ambiguous or fooling routines. State anxiety however has been defined as a transitory emotion characterized by physiological arousal and consciously perceived feelings of apprehension, dread and tightness (Spielberger, 1966). Two facets of state anxiety have been proposed cognitive worry and autonomic emotional. In 1983, Spielberger developed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) as a unidimensional psychometric assessment of anxiety. Endler et al (1991) however took a multidimensional approach to assessing some(prenominal) state and trait anxiety with the development of the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales.It was proposed by Fowles in 1980 (cited Hoffman Kim) that electrodermal activity (EDA) and heart rate (HR) may be good physiological indicators of the BIS and the BAS. This was explored by Hoffman and Kim (2006). The prediction was that behavioural inhibition and trait anxiety would be associated with an increase in skin conductance level but not heart rate. From their results it was found that trait anxiety predicted skin conductance level, however behavioural inhibition did not. Neither of the two predicted heart rate reactivity. therefore the conclusion was that s kin conductance level is a better autonomic indicator of trait anxiety than heart rate.Music therapy is an resource therapy that may improve patients health and well being (Guzzetta 1988 cited Nilsson 2009). The auditory perception of the music is located in the auditory centre in the temporal lobe, which sends signals to the thalamus, the mid(prenominal) brain, pons, amygdala, medulla and hypothalamus. The physiological effect of music is proposed to act via the hypothalamus and its regulation of adrenaline and other neuro-hormones (Myskaja Lindbaeck 2000 cited Nilsson 2009). Registrations through EEG have shown that music can decrease the bioelectrical activity in the brain from predominant beta waves to alpha and theta waves, which can have consequences for reduction of anxiety, tension and sleeplessness (Shawn 1999 cited Nilsson 2009). It is logical for one to assume that if music can have positive effects on physiology, then surely it can have negative effects too.The present study aimed to investigate the physiological effects associated with math anxiety, with a further aim to explore this in relation to tense music exposure. It was hypothesised that a maths questionnaire would produce a significantly higher anxiety response than a general knowledge questionnaire. It was likewise hypothesised that exposure to tense music would produce a significantly greater anxiety response than silence. Furthermore, it would be expected to observe a significant interaction between the music condition and question type.MethodDesignThis study employed a 2 x 2 mixed subjects design. Question type was manipulated at 2 levels, being either math questions or general knowledge. All participants answered both questionnaires. Music was also manipulated at two levels. Participants were equally allocated between either the tense music condition or the control condition of silence. Participants heart rate was measured.ParticipantsSixteen undergraduate students from the Univers ity of Central Lancashire were used in the undertaking of this study. A method of opportunity sampling was employed during recruitment. No note of age or gender was made.MaterialsA twenty-six item math questionnaire (Appendix 1) and a twenty-six item general knowledge questionnaire (Appendix 2) were used as the foundation of the study. to each one questionnaire was presented on a computer screen for xxx seconds, in which time the participants had to attempt as many questions as possible. The general knowledge questionnaire was presented first, followed by the math questions. A stopwatch was used to time the thirsty second period. For the tense music condition, computer speakers were used to play the thirty second tense music enshroud. Each participants level of physiological arousal was monitored using a galvanic skin response-heart rate monitor, although this study only used the heart rate response element of the equipment.ProcedureParticipants who agreed to take part in the stu dy were required to attend the School of psychology at the University of Central Lancashire. erstwhile there, they were individually taken to a lab room where they were asked to take a seat and read through a brief sheet in order to be aware of what was about to happen. The heart rate monitor which was connected to a laptop was then placed on the index finger of the participant. erst the participant was comfortable they were provided with a pen and plain sheet of paper and asked to remain calm for thirty seconds whilst a resting heart rate was recorded. After the thirty seconds had elapsed, the general knowledge questionnaire was presented and the participant had thirty seconds to answer as many questions as they could.They were notified at the end of the thirty second period. The math questionnaire was then presented following the same procedure as previous. For the eight participants who undertook the tense music condition, the procedure was the same, however, they were informe d that once they began answering the questions, a 30 second music track would be played by the experimenter. The heart rate monitor recorded the heart rate (beats per minute) of each participant ten times per second. Upon completion of the study, participants were given a debrief sheet outlining the true aims of the experiment.ResultsThe raw data collected consisted of the recorded heart rate response of each participant (Appendix 3). Heart rate was measured ten times per second for each of the thirty second periods rest, general knowledge questionnaire and the math questionnaire. It was also noted whether the participant took part in the music or silence condition. The raw data was amended (Appendix 4) before being placed into SPSS statistical analysis software. This was done by calculating the mean fair(a) of the thirty second rest period and subtracting it from the calculated mean average of the thirty second period where the participant was answering questions. This was in ord er to discover the average heart rate increase. The full statistical output can be found in Appendix 5. The means and standard deviations of the average heart rate increase (BPM) for the general knowledge and math questions in relation to whether music was present or not were calculated using SPSS. shelve 1 A table to show the means and standard deviations of the average heart rate increase (BPM) for the general knowledge and math questions in relation to whether music was present or not.It is clear from the results table above that there was very limited increase in the mean average heart rate between the music and silence conditions of both question types.. It can, however, be clearly observed that the mean heart rate increase for the maths questions is greater than that of the general knowledge questions. The standard deviations appear to show a moderate spread of scores.A Mixed-subjects factorial ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of question type F (1,14) = 27.48, p .001 , Eta2 = .66, with a higher average heart rate increase in the maths question over the general knowledge questions . There was a non-significant main effect of music F (1,14) = .001, p = .972., Eta2 = .000. The interaction between question type and music was non-significant F (1,14) = .386, p = .545, Eta2 = .027. Due to the lack of a significant interaction effect it was not necessary to conduct post-hoc tests.DiscussionThe aim of this study was to investigate the physiological effects associated with math anxiety, with a further aim to explore this in relation to tense music exposure. Sixteen participants had their heart rate continually monitored whilst answering a math questionnaire and a general knowledge questionnaire. Half of the participants undertook the questionnaires whilst being exposed to tension provoking music. The results of a mixed subjects factorial ANOVA revealed that participants heart rate was significantly higher when presented with the math questionnaire over t he general knowledge questionnaire. The presence of tense music did not significantly influence the level of physiological arousal.The hypothesis that a maths questionnaire would produce significantly more anxiety than a general knowledge questionnaire was fully met during the course of this investigation. The hypothesis that exposure to tense music would produce significantly more anxiety than silence was not validated by the results of this study. Furthermore, the hypothesis that there would be a significant interaction between the music condition and question type was not substantiated by the results of this study.The significant result discovered in this study coincides relatively well with previous research into maths anxiety. Previous research has shown that individuals with high maths anxiety tend to perform poorly when presented with mathematics stimuli (Cates Rhymer, 2003 cited Bai et al). It is necessary to note however that the participants used within the present study were not subjected to anterior assessment of math anxiety. accordingly, a distinction between a mathematical anxiety predisposition and poor performance cannot be made, taking into account also that scores from the mathematical questionnaire were not used at any point in this study.It should only be inferred from the results of this study that math questions elicit greater physiological arousal than general knowledge questions. This therefore, in part, relates well to Richardson Suinns 1972 characterization of math anxiety as an adverse emotional reaction to math or the prospect of doing math. It has been demonstrated by the work of Ashcraft et al in 2001 that the working memory system is a significant area of research within the math domain. The working memory system is of course directly relatable to the hippocampus. The Behavioural Inhibition System proposed by Gray has been shown to be directly related to the hippocampus and in turn, anxiety.Previous research into the effect music has on ones physiology has conclusively proven music can aid relaxation. This was clearly demonstrated by the work of Shawn (1999) where it was shown that music can decrease the bioelectrical activity in the brain from predominant beta waves to alpha and theta waves, having consequences of reducing anxiety, tension and sleeplessness. Research in this area, for obvious reasons, has directed its vigilance towards investigating the relaxing properties music can have. It was the intention of this study however to investigate the contrary.It may be necessary here to discuss the relationship between the biological mechanisms activated when listening to music, and those activated when one feels anxiety. Clear similarities can be observed between the two. It can be noted from the work of Myskaja Lindbaeck in 2000 that the physiological effect music has is proposed to act via the hypothalamus and its regulation of adrenaline and other neuro-hormones. This is distinctly similar to the action of the sympathetic system of the peripheral nervous system, in that, adrenaline amongst other neurotransmitters are released from the adrenal medulla. Music acts upon many of the same structures in the brain that have been found to have links with emotional regulation. The hypothalamus and amygdala being key examples.Within this study there were several methodological issues that have to be taken into consideration. First and foremost the method used to flummox data. This was done using only a heart rate monitor. It was demonstrated by Fowles in 1980 that skin conductance level is clearly a better indictor of anxiety. Therefore any further research into this area should use this method of data collection also. It may be wise to include a third level to the music variable in any further research.The third level should most definitely be a relaxing music condition in order to observe any oppositional results. Judging by previous research it would be expected that a significan t reduction in math anxiety would be observed in participants who were exposed relaxing music. The tense music played to participants in the present study was administered at the same time the participant commenced attempting the questionnaire. This leads to difficulty in making a distinction between the tense music being the cause of increased physiological arousal, or whether it was the questionnaire alone as the cause. A possible solution to this could be to expose the participants to music prior to the undertaking of the questionnaire.In conclusion, it can be implied that anybody who suffers from anxiety in any form is likely to find soothing music a useful remedy, given the biological mechanisms involved. It can be inferred here therefore that a person who listens to genres of music such as heavy rock and metal, would most probably benefit from incorporating more harmonious music into their lives, however this theory was not upheld by the results of this. Further research in th is area could focus on this.ReferencesBai, H., Wang, L., Pan, W., Frey, M. (undated) Measuring mathsematics Anxiety Psychometric Analysis of a Bidimensional Affective Scale. Journal of Instructional Psychology 36(3) 185 193Carlson, N. R. (2010) Physiology of Behaviour. 10th edition. Pearson Allyn Baconden Boer J. A., Sitsen, J. M. (1994). Handbook of depression and anxiety. A biological approach. New York Marcel DekkerEndler, N.S., Kocovki, N.L. (2001) State and trait anxiety revisited. Journal of anxiety disorders 15(3) 231-245Legg, A. M., Locker, L. Jr. (2009). Math performance and its relationship to math anxiety and metacognition. North American Journal of Psychology 11 (3) 471-486Micke, A. M., Mateo, J., Kozak, M. N., Foster, K., Beilock, S. L. (2011). Choke or thrive? The relationship between salivary cortisol and math performance depends on individual differences in working memory and math anxiety. American Psychological Association 11(4) 1000 1005Nilsson, U. (2009) Musi c and health How to use music in surgical care. International Academy for Design and Health. 103 109Simmons, M., Daw, P. (1994). Stress, Anxiety, Depression. A practical workbook. Oxon Winslow PressWickens, A. (2004) Introduction to Biopsychology. Pearson Prentice Hallhttp//www.anxietysupportnetwork.com/articles/aristotle_anxiety.php Aristotles lot of Anxiety. Accessed 25/02/2012

Collaboration and Innovation at Procter & Gamble Essay Example for Free

Collaboration and Innovation at Procter Gamble EssayLook in your medicine cabinet. No matter where you love in the universe, odds are that youll find many Procter Gamble products that you wont every day. PG is the largest manufacturer of consumer products in the world, and unitary of the top 10 largest companies in the world by market capitalization. The partnership is k instantlyn for its successful brands, as well as its ability to develop y breakhful brands and maintain its brands popularity with unique patronage innovations. favourite PG brands include Pampers, Tide, Bounty, Folgers, Pringles, Charmin, Swiffer, Crest, and many much. The company has approximately 140,000 employees in more than 80 countries, and its leading competitor is Britain-based Unilever. Founded in 1837 and headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, PG has been a mainstay in the American business landscape for well everywhere 150 years. In 2009, it had $79 billion in revenue and earned a $13.2 bill ion profit.PGs business operations are divided into three main units Beauty Care, Household Care, and Health and Well-Being, apiece of which are further subdivided into more specific units. In each of these divisions, PG has three main focuses as a business. It needs to maintain the popularity of its existing brands, via advertising and marketing it must extend its brands to related products by developing new products under those brands and it must innovate and create new brands entirely from scratch.Because so much of PGs business is build around brand creation and management, its critical that the company facilitate collaboration between rehunters, marketers, and managers. And because PG is such a big company, and makes such a wide array of products, achieving these goals is a daunting task.PG spends 3.4 pct of revenue on innovation, which is more than twice the industry average of 1.6 percent. Its research and development teams consist of 8,000 scientists spread across 30 sites glob entirelyy. Though the company has an 80 percent hit rate on ideas that lead to products, making truly innovative and original new products is very difficult in an extremely matched field like consumer products. Whats more, the creativity of bigger companies like PG has been on the decline, with the top consumer ethicals companies accounting for only 5 percent of patents loadd on home attention products in the early 2000s.Finding better ways to innovate and develop new ideas is critical in a marketplace like consumer goods, and for any company as large as PG, finding methods of collaboration that are effective across the enterprise can be difficult. Thats why PG has been active in implementing learning systems that foster effective collaboration and innovation. The social networking and collaborative tools popularized by Web 2.0 have been especially attractive to PG management, starting at the top with fountain CEO A.G. Lafley. Lafley was succeeded by Robert McDonald in 2010, but has been a major force in revitalizing the company.When Lafley became PGs CEO in 2000, he immediately maintain that by the end of the decade, the company would generate half of its new product ideas using sources from outside the company, both as a way to develop groundbreaking innovations more quickly and to reduce research and development costs. At the time, Lafleys proclamation was considered to be visionary, but in the knightly 10 years, PG has made good on his promise.The first order of business for PG was to develop alternatives to business practices that were not sufficiently collaborative. The biggest culprit, says Joe Schueller, Innovation Manager for PGs Global Business Services division, was peradventure an unlikely one e-mail. Though its ostensibly a tool for communication, e-mail is not a sufficiently collaborative way to assign information senders control the flow of information, but may fail to send mail to colleagues who most need to see it, and colleag ues that dont need to see current e-mails will receive mailings long after theyve lost interest. Blogs and other collaborative tools, on the other hand, are open to anyone implicated in their content, and attract comments from interested users.However, getting PG employees to actually use these newer products in place of e-mail has been a struggle for Schueller. Employees have resisted the changes, insisting that newer collaborative tools represent more work on top of e-mail, as opposed to a better alternative. People are accustomed to e-mail, and theres significant organizational inertia against switching to a new way of doing things. Some PG processes for sharing knowledge were notoriously inefficient. For instance, some researchers used to write up their experiments using Microsoft Office applications, then print them out and glue them page by page into seambooks. PG was determined to implement more efficient and collaborative methods of communication to supplant some of these outdated processes.To that end, PG launched a make out overhaul of its collaboration systems, led by a suite of Microsoft products. The services provided include unified communications (which integrates services for voice transmission, data transmission, instant messaging, e-mail, and electronic conferencing), Microsoft Live Communications Server functionality, Web conferencing with Live Meeting, and content management with SharePoint. According to PG, over 80,000 employees use instant messaging, and 20,000 use Microsoft Outlook, which provides tools for e-mail, calendaring, task management, contact management, note taking, and Web browsing. Outlook works with Microsoft Office SharePoint Server to support multiple users with shared mailboxes and calendars, SharePoint lists, and meeting schedules.The presence of these tools suggests more collaborative approaches are taking hold. Researchers use the tools to share the data theyve collected on various brands marketers can more effect ively access the data they need to create more highly targeted ad campaigns and managers are more easily able to find the people and data they need to make critical business decisions.Companies like PG are finding that one vendor simply isnt enough to satisfy their diverse needs. That introduces a new challenges managing information and applications across multiple platforms. For example, PG found that Google search was inadequate because it doesnt always link information from within the company, and its reliance on keywords for its searches isnt ideal for all of the topics for which employees might search. PG decided to implement a new search product from start-up Connectbeam, which allows employees to share bookmarks and tag content with descriptive words that appear in future searches, and facilitates social networks of coworkers to help them find and share information more effectively.The results of the initiative have been immediate. For example, when PG executives traveled to meet with regional managers, there was no way to integrate all the reports and discussions into a single document. One executive glued the results of experiments into Word documents and passed them out at a conference. Another executive manually entered his data and speech into PowerPoint slides, and then e-mailed the file to his colleagues. One result was that the same file ended up in countless individual mailboxes. Now, PGs IT department can create a Microsoft SharePoint page where that executive can post all of his presentations. Using SharePoint, the presentations are stored in a single location, but are still accessible to employees and colleagues in other parts of the company. Another collaborative tool, InnovationNet, contains over 5 million researchrelated documents in digital format accessible via a browser-based portal. Thats a far cry from experiments glued in notebooks.One business organization PG had when implementing these collaborative tools was that if enough empl oyees didnt use them, the tools would be much less useful for those that did use them. Collaboration tools are like business and social networksthe more people connect to the network, the greater the value to all participants. Collaborative tools grow in usefulness as more and more workers contribute their information and insights. They in addition allow employees quicker access to the experts within the company that have needed information and knowledge. But these benefits are contingent on the lions share of company employees using the tools.Another major innovation for PG was its largescale adoption of Cisco TelePresence conference rooms at many locations across the globe. For a company as large as PG, telepresence is an excellent way to foster collaboration between employees across not just countries, but continents. In the past, telepresence technologies were prohibitively expensive and to a fault prone to malfunction. Today, the technology makes it possible to hold high-defi nition meetings over long distances. PG boasts the worlds largest rollout of Cisco TelePresence technology.PGs biggest challenge in adopting the technology was to ensure that the studios were built to particular specifications in each of the geographically diverse locations where they were installed. Cisco accomplished this, and now PGs estimates that 35 percent of its employees use telepresence regularly. In some locations, rule is as high as 70 percent. Benefits of telepresence include significant travel savings, more efficient flow of ideas, and quicker decision making. Decisions that once took days now take minutes.Laurie Heltsley, PGs director of global business services, noted that the company has saved $4 for every $1 invested in the 70 high-end telepresence systems it has installed over the past few years These high-definition systems are used four times as often as the companys earlier versions of videoconferencing systems.SourcesJoe Sharkey, Setbacks in the Air tack to L ure of Virtual Meetings, The New York Times, April 26, 2010 Matt Hamblen, Firms Use Collaboration Tools to Tap the Ultimate IP-Worker Ideas, Computerworld, September 2, 2009 Computerworld Honors Program PG, 2008 www.pg.com, accessed may 18, 2010 Procter Gamble Revolutionizes Collaboration with Cisco TelePresence, www.cisco.com, accessed May 18, 2010 ITs Role in Collaboration at Procter Gamble, Information Week, February 1, 2007.

Price Check on Aisle Essay Example for Free

Price Check on Aisle EssayPrice ceilings are usually government policies and limits that intend to carry through consumers from being charged too high a impairment. This oecumenicly means to limit and control how high a price for a intersection point tail assembly go. If price ceilings are not break, the suppliers will set prices extremely high for necessities which then become too expensive to be affordable. Suppliers k at one time that no bet what, the items that are necessary will be bought by customers no matter what this gives them a chance to charge high prices and get revenue, only price ceilings by governments are what protect the customers in such situations. However, they should not go unchecked, as changes and shifts are very important based on then currently marketplace realities. An effective price ceiling is usually below the equilibrium point otherwise it is pointless as customers would pay the price at equilibrium which is higher(prenominal) than the pric e ceiling. Price Floors Price floors are the opposite of price ceilings this is the control that is brought about by either government, or cartels and groups that are formed to sell the product as a coalition with quotas. This checks how low a price can go prices when reduce, should not reduce below this line for a certain product.In order for price floors to play the role that they are intended to play that is, the price should not be extremely low or else the train increases barely nobody is interested in the production the price floor should be above the equilibrium price. This means that there is a surplus of production and the demand is lesser than that at equilibrium because customers do not pauperism to pay a higher price than that of the equilibrium but at the same time, to a greater extent producers are willing to manufacture this particular product. As a RenterUsually, the landlords have a habit of overcharging dwells reason being the difficulty and shortage of houses functional in the same range at one point in time. In such cases, the government sets a price ceiling which means that the tenant can be charged a price that does not go above that particular ceiling. This benefits somebody as a renter to be saved from very high rent expenses. This is normally the case with students, bachelors and people leading single lives and providing for them. In cases of students, there is a charge for living in dorms but that charge is as low as possible (minimum).As a Student A student normally does not have a mess of money to spend on rent, tuition fee, daily expenses and transportation etc. This is usually a lot of a student to bear, especially when there is a lack of financial support from family. As a student, it is almost critical to be able ton get books and stationery and photocopies and general every daytime expenses. As a student, it becomes very difficult to pay for such basic things all the time these basic things are actually necessities. Th erefore, price ceilings are present in cases of necessities to make sure that not a very high price is charged for this.These ceilings are usually below the equilibrium point or else they become ineffective because otherwise, if the price ceiling would be above the equilibrium price then this would show that despite the fact that the government has set a maximum price, the market is working at a price below that. Naturally, in this case, the demand is higher than the supply. As an Employee Labors works in a centering where employees are suppliers of labor and the organizations/producers are consumers of it for manufacturing.Equilibrium prices in this case are always a problem because the employees want a higher pay and the organizations want to pay as low as possible. There are times, mostly, when the producers exploit the employees by not hiring them unless they agree to a lower price stricken by unemployment, most of these jacks agree to these low prices and work. However, this is unfair on the laborers because if there is just one employer in a specific region, then they are not left with much choice and have to give in to low prices.Therefore, the government sets a minimum wage which is above the equilibrium price so that the laborer can have some advantage. Here, again, the supply is greater than the demand, but it is fair to the employees. But then again, the prices and costs depend on the workers competencies, skills and the general market conditions at that point in time. Consequences of Price Ceilings Price ceilings might seem to be favorable for many parties, but it has its own consequences.Firstly, there is a reduction in quality of the good being provided even if the product is now being sold at a lower price, but now the producers sell goods of lower quality to cover up for the lost profit margin. Also, this brings in a new phenomenon of black markets this is where sellers sell at prices lower than the price ceilings illegally. This is illega l, but people who cannot afford higher prices resort to this to fulfill their needs. Black markets ruin the image of a country and disrupts the working of a market and qualification the statistics of an economy incorrect.

Risk management in project development

venture forethought in jut developingRisk circumspection In Softw be developmentAbstractRisks ar always associated with any kind of vomit up development. It is beta to discern and control the lucks associated with any project as in-chief(postnominal) it is to develop a project. Especi e very last(predicate)y with bundle projects there argon many unexpected problems which may hinder the softwargon development border. It is crucial to control these assays from the technical development of components for a project to be successful. and then the softw ar industry is nabing softw ar development put on the line management as an important practice to minimise the occurrence of lucks associated with the project. This look for written document gives an insight into mixed put on the lines associated with softw ar development and the methods to tame these dangers.IntroductionRisk management is a very interesting topic in todays world. Now as days we see that software is a n essential part of any application and is used in every company for mingled purposes. Software has become an important part of life and is practic in either(a)y used in everyday life for various purposes. Now days, due to increase in software companies and usage of internet, a lot of complex and large software projects are developed. These projects have constraints of resources, appeal and schedule. So it becomes necessary to build these projects danger free as there are many factors and constraints associated with it.In the present competitive world, there are a lot of companies making various softwares which are large scale and small scale. With this huge scope developing software, comes the risks of managing and developing successful software. Technology is advanced tremendously but still the problems and risks related to software development exist. Research has shown that 85% of all projects being developed fail due to various risks associated with project development. Out of these 40% completely fail due to incomplete requirements and 46% due to hail and schedule over runs and unseasonable functionality. So, effective risk management is important for successful project development.RiskA Risk is the occurrence of an event which abide adversely reckon or hinder the development branch. A risk is any event which is likely to take on or not but if it does happen will have a electronegative effect on the project. Risk cannot be classified into various categories but it is the types of risks that need to be identified which are associated with a project. The risks may vary from managing team members, resources and changing environment or engineering. practiced risks lie at the heart of most of the causes of software project failures. Technical risks can be defined as the possibility that the application of software engineering theory, principles, and techniques will fail to yield the right software product. Technical risk is comprised of the underly ing technological factors that may cause the nett product to be overly expensive, delivered late, or unacceptable to the customer. (Dhlamini, J. 2009)Risk solicitude and Factors Responsible for RisksRisk Management can be defined as An application of appropriate tools and procedures to contain risk at heart acceptable limits by identifying, addressing, and eliminating likely problems beforehand they damage a project.(Dhlamini, J. 2009). It contains bear ones, methods and tools for managing risks associated with a software project. The basic aim of risk management is to proterozoic analyze and identify the risks associated with the project development and take the necessary steps transform the course of action to minimize the risks. Risk Management is basically a continuous and formalized process of assessment which requires a team-oriented and require open talk between all the members.The various factors responsible for risks in development of software projects are scope, resources, follow, communication, integration, time scale, quality and contracts. Every factor has its own risk and discovers the project development in a way if not managed properly. Like if the project is outsourced there are times when the communication is not clear between the seaward and onshore team. Most of the times to cut the embodys the management, might not use the right sources required for the project resulting in a failure. Sometimes the requirements are not defined properly with may result into a product which is not per the expectations thus change the quality of the product. At times, while the project is half(prenominal) way through and there is a change in the technology and company policy which may affect the project. umteen times, stakeholder conflicts may also affect the project cost and deadline. Integration is also an issue if many teams are participating in project development. Risk Management elanlsthither have been various approaches and vexs prop osed for software risk management base on the explore on the risks associated with projects and the experiences of the project managers and professionals. There are a few basic approaches for risk management. They are traditional and risk-oriented method. The traditional approach is very generic to all the projects cares with the risks associated with all the projects in general and specific to a special project. The second approach is risk-oriented which deals with identifying the risks associated with a specific project and aims to deal with those risks before they harm the project. cultivation Driven Software Development Risk Management model is a risk-oriented approach to deal with the risks associated with the software project development. There are many such models that were proposed like the first one proposed by Barry Boehm in 1988. His proposed a simulation by collect all the requirements and mensurations together. SEI (Software technology Institute-1997) also prop osed a risk management framework. The goal of this framework was to help the manager, developers and another(prenominal) decision makers to identify the risks at an early gift of development, so that appropriate measures can be taken at the right time to minimize the risk. Karolak in 1996 also proposed a model for risk management to handle highschool level risks. This model proposed a model to handle the risks which affect the cost and time of project development. The various methodologies for risk management are given belowa) Goal Driven Software Development Risk Management Model (GSRM)The GSRM is risk management approach which consists of a model of 4 beds to manage risks in software development. The advantage of using a layered approach is that any technique can be applied to any layer at any time without affecting the other layers. The diagram for the GSRM is shown below,Goal LayerThis is the first layer in GSRM where identifying, elaborating and modeling of goals are throu gh base on the components to be developed for project to be successful. Success of a project can be defined as anything like meeting the deadlines, within estimated cost, fully functional project, meeting the user requirements, etc. So, success means identifying all the technical component development to be done as early as possible. In GSRM, the goals can be identified as project scope, business necessarily, user requirement, cost estimation, schedule, etc. So these goals in the development process must be ensured to be within project scope, maintained under decided budget and to realistic time scale, achieve all the business needs and reduce risks ground on the nature of project, for a successful project development. Many times these goals may be too high so they are separate into small goals which can be achieved at diverse levels of abstraction. So it is important to attain these small goals to attain the net goal. Due to this, it is easy to model the development component s where occupying the goal makes it easy to final project fulfillment. (Islam, S. 2009)Risk-Obstacle LayerThis is the second layer in the GSRM model, which identifies the risks associated with the project development. These risks can be considered as potential obstructors which are identified from the early developed components and can affect the project goal. Many times there are processes that depend on distributively other and if there is an obstacle in one of the process it may cause obstruction in other processes also. Obstacles can be due to human error, incorrect information, vague/incomplete requirements, miscommunication, wrong technology implementation, etc which may obstruct the achievement of goals resulting in affecting the time scale and cost of development. So risk obstacle identification is done through questionnaire, cross checking the requirements and brainstorming with the stakeholders. A set of brainstorming session and questionnaire is followed after the ini tial set of components developed to identify the risks before they worsen. These risks are then assessed by the assessment layer. (Islam, S. 2009)Assessment LayerThis is the third layer in GSRM, where the risk is properly analyzed and explained the event that caused the risk to occur. The risk event that has caused the risk has two properties likelihood and severity. Severity increases the negative impact of the risk event and likelihood is the possibility of a risk occurring due to the event. There are some risk factors that can give rise to one risk event which may cause many obstacles leading to disturbing the final goal. So this allows in analyzing the various risk factors and the impact that these risks will have on the set of goals to be achieved. So this layer considers risks metrics to identify the likelihood of occurrence of the risk event due to the risk factors. These risk metrics considers the risk factors, risk occurrence likelihood and risk severity for analyzing and m easuring the risks which makes the process very easy and simple to identify the risks at early stage of development. For the assessment this model uses Bayesians subjective probability for analyzing the risks events that occurred due to risk factors. In this model, on those risk events that have a negative effect on the goals to achieve are considered. So, this layer basically gives the risks in the order of likelihood and severity that may affect the satisfaction of the final goal to be achieved through obstruction link. (Islam, S. 2009)Treatment LayerThis is the last layer in the model and this layer is to identify the set of actions that can be taken to reduce the risks and also selects the most appropriate action required for the particular risk so as to minimize the effect of the risk in achieving the final goal. Basically, this layer comes into action when the goals, risk factors and risk events have been identified and analyzed by the previous layers and a cost effective meas ure is required to be implemented to achieve the goal. For this, there can be various agents within the development environment like reality or some tools are used to satisfy the goals. So it is very important to consider the cost benefit of using a particular agent. Hence it becomes very much necessary to model, reason and trace a situation in the software development atmosphere to control and minimize the risks to attain the final goal. (Islam, S. 2009)Boehms ModelBoehm proposed a model in 1988 for risk management in software development. This model was based on spiral model and proposed a framework for minimizing the impact on risk by integrating risk management methods into software development model. The main idea behind this approach is to remove the judge risks at an early stage to avoid their occurrence and effect on the later stages of development. (Dhlamini, J. 2009)Boehms model stated that risk management can be divided into two subcategories i.e. Risk control and Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment can again be sub-divided into risk identification, risk analysis and risk prioritization. Risk restrict can be sub-divided into risk management planning, risk resolution and risk monitoring. In risk assessment, the risks are basically identified, their impacts are analyzed and a precedence is set based on the impact of analyzed risks. Then in Risk Identification all the possible risks that can arise during the project development phase. So this consists on maintaining checklists, suggestions, documentation, assumption analysis and decomposition. The risk analysis stage where the potential of the risk is identified and the probability of its occurrence. It includes the analysis of performance and network. Now at one time the risk is identified and analyzed comes the risk prioritization stage. In this stage the risk is prioritized based on the value of the impact of that risk. This basically helps in exposing the risk so that it can be taken care of befo re it aggravates. (Dhlamini, J. 2009)An example for the above can be given as below where the risk factors affecting send Experiments software are given in the table below. The table below shows various factors affecting the project development. The column of Unsatisfactory Outcome shows the various reasons affecting the project. The second column shows the probability of that occurrence on the scale of 1-10. The third column shows the loss occurrence and the last column shows risk exposure.Software Engineering Institute (SEI)The framework provided by the SEI for software risk management is to enable three groups, namely the Software Risk Evolution (SRE), Continuous Risk Management (CRM) and Team Risk Management (TRM). The main motive behind developing this framework is to enable the decision makers like the stakeholders, customers, managers and engineers to identify the risks associated with the software development musical rhythm like analysis, requirement gathering, developing, integrating and testing, so that appropriate minimizing strategies can be applied at the right time. These methodologies have relatively three fundamentally different objects i.e. risk prevention, risk mitigation and correction and ensuring safe system failure. To achieve these three objectives there are seven principles for risk management. (Dhlamini, J. 2009)They are,Shared Product pile It focuses on results. It is based on sharing product vision related to a common purpose and shared ownership.Teamwork It defines working together as a team for achieving a common goal by pooling skills, talents and familiarity.Global Perspective The system rule and development is viewed from a global perspective of building a larger system. Identifying the potential of the final product from a global perspective and also the impact of adverse make like cost and time run over or not meeting the requirements.Open Communication Making sure that communication is open between all the members invo lved in the project at all levels. By supporting formal and informal communication where required. Supports a consensus-based process where individual is allowed to give an opinion regarding the risk associated with the project.Forward-Looking View It thinks to the highest degree tomorrow, identifies the associated uncertainties and possible outcomes along with managing project resources and activities.Integrated Management Making risk management an integral part of project development process. Adopting risk management tools and methodologies to project development process.Identification is the first step in SEI model. In this step the issues which will affect the project goal are identified. In the next step of analysis, these risks are analyzed by the decision makers to work on these risks. In the planning stage these risks are prioritized in the order of value which might affect the final goal. Then each risk in the order of priority is taken into consideration and a study is do ne on that risk is done during planning so that an appropriate action can be taken against them to avoid the risk and minimizing their impact. Then proper measures are taken so as to make sure that are risks are handled as they are planned. and then tracking of all the measures taken is done to see if things are going as planned and all the necessary control measures are executed. Communication present at the center of the model facilitates connection between all the steps in the model. (Dhlamini, J. 2009)While implementing the SEI model all the activities follow a sequence of steps. The risk and mitigation database lies at the center of the model and is responsible for all the communication between various activities. It is responsible for identifying all the risks and making an entry for all the new risks that have been identified. Risks like cost overrun, increase in time scale, resources problem, vague requirements, improper functionality, improper testing, inefficient testing tools and no time for testing. Many times the risks are identified before they arise actually. Like increase in the cost of development, lack of proper resources or incomplete requirements. At times when huge projects are to be handled, they are generally broken into smaller sub-parts. (Dhlamini, J. 2009)In each sub-part different methods and criteria of handling risks. In this case, there is less time and cost required to handle these risks and is efficiently handled. These risks are prioritized based on their impact value, dependency, cost and resources required to minimize them. Risk mitigation plan is then made based on the priority of the risk, so as to give preference to high probability risk. This plan is documented so as to keep a track all the risks in the order of priority and a record of all the risks that are handled and ones remaining. This plan is then updated on regular basis as and when a risk is taken care of and they no longer exist. (Dhlamini, J. 2009)Riskit rule Riskit Method was proposed by Jyrki Kontio in 1996 which mainly focused on goals and stakeholders. This model is very much based on theoretical concepts based on the experience. This model was proposed based on the previous developers experience. The main characteristics of this model are fully operational definition of process, risk management, scope, focus, authority, processes and steps for identifying and defining goals of the project. Riskit method has five elements of risk.Risk Elements in Riskit MethodRisk Factor It is an attribute which may affect the likelihood of occurrence of a risk.Risk Event It is an event of occurrence of a negative incident.Risk Outcome It is a situation that occurs between the risk occurrence and before corrective measures implemented.Risk reaction It is an action taken in result to the occurrence of the risk and the effect of the risk occurrence.Risk Effect Set It is the effect of the risk event occurrence and the set of characteristics which are a ffected by the risk event.The seven steps in Riskit process areRisk Management Mandate Definition In this step the scope and frequency of risk management are defined with all the stakeholders being recognized. The output of this step is to mandate risk management like how, why, when, where, what, whom, etc.Goal Review In this step all the predefined goals of the project are reviewed and refined and the new refined goals are clearly defined. Then the stakeholders associations analyze the redefined goal.Risk Identification In this step, various potential risks associated with the project are identified and listed down.Risk Analysis In the analysis phase, all the identified risks are classified in the order of priority. These risks effects are then estimated for all the possible scenarios. Then the probability of utility losses due to these risks is estimated. Finally, a represent is prepared based on the estimated risks and their scenarios.Risk Control Planning Now, once the risks ha ve been graphed based on their value of impact, the most important risk is taken for risk control planning. Then all the members decide and propose control actions to be taken for a particular risk. Then a controlling action is decided and finalized. Finally, the decided action is taken to control the risk.Risk Control In this phase, the action for risk control decided in the previous stage is executed, resulting in reduced risks.Risk monitor after(prenominal) the risk control stage, the risks are monitored to check their situation resulting risk status. (Dhlamini, J. 2009)FMEA TechniqueFMEA technique is a risk management technique which stands for Failure Mode Effect Analysis. These days due to heavy competition companies realize the need for innovation but fear failure or sometimes ignore the risks associated with it, resulting in failure. Due to bad design, implementation and testing it may result in heavy loss, incomplete functionality or even decline in market share. To cut a cross this fear of failure and we need a process that will identify the failure modes that will damage customer satisfaction, recognize the reason for failure and see the causes of failure. This will help to identify the critical failure areas and take the necessary action to avoid the situation. So FMEA technique is used which provides a tool for recognizing the risk areas from design to production which may lead to failure. (Stunell, P. 2003)The FMEA process consists of a certain steps. The first step is identification of the risks that can occur during the project development process from design to development. In this step, first raw information is gathered from the stakeholders, managers and team members and previous projects in a structured format so that a knowledge base is create to identify all the potential risks that can arise leading to project failure. The next step is to assign a value to that risk based on its probability of occurrence, the impact of risk and detectio n based on the analysis of team members, stakeholders and other professionals. Then a Risk antecedence Number (RPN) which is used to identify the probability of occurrence of a risk and the effect of its occurrence. This will help in taking a corrective measure at the right time so that the product goes as decided and has customer satisfaction.RPN uses rating scales based on the severity of the consequence for a particular risk, probability of the failure due to its occurrence and probability of a risk occurrence. (Stunell, P. 2003)The rating is done on the scale of 1 to 5 or 1 to 10 based on this rating the severity of the risk is calculated. For example, in the rating of 1 to 5, generally a risk whose value is 5 is very likely to occur than the one having a value 1. The figure below shows a scale of 1 to 5.Then once this is done a graph or scatter plot is created based on the RPN and risk value. Then based on these calculated values a priority list is created for all the risks. A risk response plan is created after the priority is created and the risks are re-evaluated based on the RPN and risk value. Once the risk is identified then therefore the corrective steps are taken to reduce the risk. After the action is taken again, the calculations are done to see the effectiveness of the action. This helps in knowing the dower reduction in RPN. (Stunell, P. 2003)Advantages Disadvantages of Risk ManagementAdvantagesRisk Management helps in early detection of problems associated with the project.It helps in preparing the development team to face the future problems.It reduces boilers suit cost of the development which might increase due to risks associated with the project.Helps in taking the right steps like proper developers, technologies, time scale, etc.DisadvantagesIt takes time during the initial stages as it requires analysis and information gathering on the possible risks associated with the project.It may also increase the overall cost of development.M y View-PointThis paper is based on my research on the various risks associated with the project development and the methods to minimize these risks. Since the advancement of technology and scope for software development a lot of complex projects are developed. provided there are always some risks associated with the development of these large scale projects. Risks can be like cost increase, resources problem, time schedule and many more. Many methods are proposed based on the experience of the managers and other professionals to avoid and minimize the risks associated with software project development. Based on my experience with projects and understanding of these methods I quality that risk management is as important as project development. Risk Management should be a part of software development cycle because it important to manage and identify the risks associated with the development as important it is to develop a full functional product under the given time and cost to sati sfy the customer. Many times unexpected problems may arise during the development phase or testing phase which may result in backtrack to the design phase resulting in increasing cost and time scale. At times, developers may leave a project half-way which may result in resource problem. So risk management implementation in project development may give the stakeholders, developers and managers to time to analyze the risks associated with the development and prepare themselves risks to come in advance.From my research on the above methods of risk management, I feel that goal driven approach and FMEA technology are better to be used for various types of project. Goal Driven Software Development Risk Management Model is a goal based approach. In this model the goals of the project are defined at the very start of the project like the error free requirements, end user involvement, scope, business needs, realistic time scale, cost estimation and managing resources. This will reduce the oc currence of unexpected problems during the development process. Even if a risk arises unexpectedly, it has a series of steps to follow like the obstacle- link layer for the obstacles that arise for a decided goal to achieve. Then the analysis layer which is used to analyze the obstacle and the treatment layer where a proper action is taken based on the analysis layer. This approach is actually good for small and medium sized projects as they are with one team and the user can be in direct communication with them and the team knows the whole development cycle.FMEA technology is mainly used in managing risks in large complex projects. In this technology first the risks which are likely to occur are decided based on the experience of senior professionals and stakeholders. Then, this raw information is made as a knowledge base and all the other risks are also identified. Then these risks are prioritized based on their value of impact on the project development. After that these risks a re analyzed and a document is made. Then based on this analysis a corrective method is decided and implemented to reduce the risk. This really helps in large projects because the basic risks are associated with all the teams working on the project but few risks are face by the teams working on different modules. So these teams have their own set of risks to handle and the basic ones of they occur. This will reduce the time and cost in risk management as teams will face their own small risks to handle rather than a single team on large project handling all the risks alone. So FMEA technology can be used for managing risks in large scale projects. Other projects are equally useful but they cannot be implemented alone. They are combined with other models to control risks associated with software development.7) ConclusionRisk Management is an integral part of any project development cycle. It is something that the software industry needs to pay equal attention to as software development . This is because the statistics show that more than 70% of the projects fail due to various reasons and risks associated with them. There have been studies done in this area and professionals have proposed and implemented various methods for risk management. But still this problem does exist in the industry. Project development should plan a risk management plan along with the development plan to make sure that the project is completed on time, within the estimated cost and to the full satisfaction of the customer. Thus Risk management is very beneficial and extremely important for any project to be successful and satisfy the customer needs.8)ReferencesBoehm, B. (1989). Software acquisition deluxe practice formal risk management. Retrieved from http//www.goldpractices.com/practices/frm/Boehm, B. (1991). Software risk management principles and practices. IEEE Software, 8(1), Retrieved from http//portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=625015 doi 10.1109/52.62930Boehm, B. (1998, 12 5). Softw are risk management. Retrieved from http//sunset.usc.edu/classes/cs510_2003/notes/ec-files/Software_Risk_Management.pptBoban, M. (2003, 11 02). Strategies for successful software development risk management . Retrieved from http//webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cacheHeDQ2Ow8nUYJwww.efst.hr/management/Vol8No2-2003/4-boban-pozgaj-sertic.doc+risk+management+in+software+developmentcd=16hl=enct=clnkgl=usDhlamini, J. (2009). Intelligent risk management tools for software development. Proceedings of the 2009 yearbook Conference of the Southern African Computer Lecturers Association, 33-40.Examining risk priority numbers in fmea. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.reliasoft.com/newsletter/2q2003/rpns.htmIslam , S. (2009). Software development risk management model a goal driven approach. Proceedings of the doctoral symposium for ESEC/FSE on Doctoral symposium, 5-8.Prikladnicki, R. (n.d.). Risk management in software development a position paper. Retrieved from http//docs.google.com/v iewer?a=vq=cacheEkxHkf-j8d4Jgsd2004.cs.uvic.ca/camera/prikladnicki.pdf+risk+management+in+software+developmenthl=engl=uspid=blsrcid=ADGEESi3waZpt2SvUyFxBL_yCBTqZw3dRNjeK-Q9UorompBDJtxpg4tyvOhcf-25jgS1-2GymhNqyjtfKrUdMVgqa8wPaUo35ZJ_GCCzvA7V7Abvtz6hkEWK2N0BkcCAn5F36b1jpaGzsig=AHIEtbRhFabMWP1F7cCeNUCDQUVFhhh3HwStunell, P. (2003). How to Improve productivity in design and development. Retrieved from http//www.stunell.com/PDFs/Engineering%20FMEA-Version-2-2.pdfWilliam, L. (2008, 08 14). Risk management. Retrieved from http//openseminar.org/se/modules/21/ advocator/screen.do

Analyzing Groundhog Day

Analyzing Groundhog DayBill Murray plays Phil, an arrogant, self obsessed weather forecaster who goes to Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, in preparation of a broadcast for the next day ab come out the annual occurrence of the coming out of the groundhog Punxsutawney Phil. As he wakes up in the morning and does records his coverage of the event, he is annoyed to see out that he will have to spend another night in Punxsutawney beca office of an incoming snowstorm. This is where things start to go wrong for Phil as in his early forecast ironic altogethery, he predicted that the following days atomic number 18 going to be sunny.When he wakes up the next morning in his room he is precise surprised to see that it almost looks like a repetition of the antecedent day E precisething that happened to him a day earlier at the top of the stairs the alike(p) person trying to talk to him the old high school friend, Ned, recognizing him on the street, the ceremony of the groundhog day perpetua llyything starts to repeat. Phil spends the day in shock and thinking it is a bad dream but at the end of the day he is stuck in Punxsutawney because of the snowstorm again. When he wakes up the next morning, everything is the same as the previous days, and he again fits stuck in the town for the snowstorm. By this time Phil realizes that this is not just a bad dream, so he starts to look for ways to get out of the situation and remove him from this time loop.Soon Phil realizes that if he doesnt change anything, the events repeat themselves similarly to the first day. But if he only changes his behavior towards the townsfolk, they serve to his actions, which eventually help him reach his goal of winning the heart of Rita. With each repeating day, Phil is the only one who remembers what happened in previous iteration of the same day.At first Phil is awed by this surreal event. As the days keep repeating Phil begins to treat life as a game since slide fastener he does seem to matte r, and the next day is a fresh start of the same scenario no matter what he does, time resets and he wakes up as if nothing happened. But as the days pass endlessly repeating itself, Phil eventually finds a purpose get to know as much as he can or so Rita, so he can seduce her. When all his tries to win Ritas heart fails day after day, his despair deepens, and he loses his will to experience and begins to spend his days killing himself. In desperation, he reveals his plight to Rita and hesitantly she spends the night with him. But again, Phil wakes up to the same music of Sonny and Cher.But, spending a night with Rita give rises him realize that someone actually liked him for who he is, he comes to a revelation he begins to live the life he never lived before. Phil starts to see control of circumstances, aided by the fact that he has plenty of time and the safety of starting from scratch if he messes up. He begins to take piano lessons, he learns how to be an ice sculptor, and he becomes more generous. Phil, knowing how the events in the day will happen, begins to use this knowledge to start helping towns people. As he suffered through and through the repeating days to come to this point, Phil starts to transform and empathizes with other peoples suffering. He becomes a local hero in Punxsutawney. Finally, Rita falls in love with the new Phil, attracted by his generous personality and maturity. He falls asleep by the side of her and when he wakes up she is still there and the curse is broken.In her expert analytic article The Spiritual Power of Repetitive Form Steps Toward Transcendence in Groundhog Day, Suzanne M. Daughton explains how a modern romantic comedy such as Groundhog Day has a deeper meaning than just entertainment for the viewers. She explains that the movie portrays the lead actor as a stereotypical male person figure with ego boundary that, at the start of the frivol away, keeps every other character away from him. When he is trapped in the time loop of repeating days it takes Phil nigh 34 days to break all the barriers and to finally embrace the situation to use it to his advantage. Daughton describes Phils character before transformation as Phil Connors, miserable cynic self-centered, abrasive, and deservedly friendless. When Phil progresses to different transformations in the movie Daughton lists these stages that Phil goes through as cynicism, alarm, hedonism, depression and anger, denial and avoidance, resignation, acceptance and growth. The list describes all the emotions Phil goes though to reach his final stage where is becomes the exemplar male and is able to win Ritas heart and break the curse. Groundhog Day shows that the turning point in Phils life is when he starts to build relations with the earthy people and start to communicate. According to Daughton, Groundhog Day has more to do with its protagonist coming to appreciate the stereotypically feminine focus on connection with others, than with rein scribing the stereotypically manful individuation and domination glorified in films. Unlike other change-of-heart films, Connors does not renounce mugwump thought and retreat to little-boy status instead he grows out of certain boyhood beliefs and practices. At the end of the film Phil starts his acceptance and growth phase where he breaks the traditional stereotypical masculinity and accepts feminism to break the loop.Favorite film and its chat relevanceMy favorite film is When Harry Met Sally.. It is a simple romantic comedy on the surface but digging deeper into the characters reveals a caboodle or so how males and females communicate with each other within their gender and how this gender based communication is very different than that of their counterparts. Harry approaches Sally as if she was his male buddy and very soon he steps out of the boundary of their newly formed kinship by asking her questions such as has she ever had great sex. This is not an appropriate questio n for that stage of the relationship, and it makes Sally defensive and uncomfortable. Harry portrays himself as an accomplished, cocky person and Sally starts to reveal more about her personal life to prove to Harry that she also has led a successful life like Harry. In the movie both character experiences social communication. Our text Reflect and relate defines it as a dynamic form of communication between two or more people in which the messages change significantly influence their thoughts, emotions, behaviors and relationships. An example of this is the scene when Harry and Sally happen to run into each other at the bookstore they talk and communicate as matured person, unlike the first time they met. As their fellowship deepens and they both deal with their breakups, they start to depend on each other for support and their friendship deepens. Eventually we see that they begin to fall for each other. This is interpersonal communication by definition as their communication is changing the way they feel about each other. At the party, seeing one another with other dates become a concern even though, they did not reveal to each other that they pauperism to move to the next step. They both sh be things with the other that they wouldnt share with anyone else. These are all examples of interpersonal communication developed by the characters in the film where their actions are being influenced by their relationship.Film I didnt care forThe film I didnt care for is Children of a Lesser God. The film revolves around the characters Sarah and James, and their relationship. Sarah is deaf and does not use her voice James is a new teacher at the school who is not deaf and falls in love with Sarah. There are some(prenominal) communication issues presented throughout the film such as the dialectical tension of autonomy between Sarah and James, social exchange theory which explains why people are drawn to those people that can offer them substantial benefits, social penetration theory, uncertainty reduction in a relationship etc. The film shows very well how to progress in a relationship when it is new and when it has matured. We see Sarah and James eventually realize that even though they want to be independent and live their own way, if they want to stay in a relationship the best way to move forward is to compromise and come to a center field ground that both can live with. The reason why I dont care for this film is because of the p heap and background of the movie which is not a wakeless fit for the majority of the people who has never experienced being a deaf or mute. While the film opens our eyes to the deaf culture and brings umteen communication issues to light, it is hard to relate to in comparison with our regular life. To me it feels like the film has almost a documentary like feeling to it than a movie. On the other hand I can relate to characters like Harry from When Harry Met Sally, or Phil Connors from Groundhog Day because w e have seen people like them in real world. We have all met with someone at some point who was cocky and annoying or someone who asked inappropriate questions. That is the only fundamental disfigurement of the Children of a Lesser God in my opinion.Useful concepts in RR, and the articlesThere are several useful concepts from RR which helped to analyze the films such as interpersonal communication, self-fulfilling prophecy, communication competence, supportiveness and empathy, uncertainty reduction, pseudo-listening and active listening etc. The articles were also helpful in finding even deeper meaning behind the character and plot of the film, but I feel like some of them went too deep for the scope of the class such as SM Daughtons Groundhog Day article that explained a lot about how the character breaks out of stereotypical male model and embraces feminism to grow and mature. My favorite article is Crossing the barriers to friendship between men and women by Lee west et al. The f ilm When Harry Met Sally, and the article helps a lot in understanding which mistakes males typically make when communicating with other gender. How can we make the relationship smoother and what are the things to avoid. This is a good learning opportunity for all of us presented in a comedic way by the film. Overall all the films and articles touched on different topic within communication that will be helpful in our daily lives as we strive to create better, fulfilling relationship with other around us.Works CitedGroundhog Day The Movie. Groundhog Day The Movie. Transparency, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2017. .The spiritual power of repetitive form Steps toward transcendence in Groundhog Day, Daughton SM. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 1996McCornack, Steven. Interpersonal Communication. Reflect Relate An Introduction to Interpersonal Communication. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2016. N. pag. Print.

An Essay Bribery Act 2010

An Essay Bribery Act 2010

Examine Lord Capulets motivation, attitude and behaviour in three key E

Examine Lord Capulets motivation, attitude and behaviour in three keyscenes and suggest how an actor could perform the part so as to conveythese motives and attitudes to an earreach. The play Romeo and Juliet was written in 1589-95 by WilliamShakespeare. The play is a tragedy which means that it is a seriousplay and will not complete happily for some will die.It was set in 16th century Verona in Italy, which was a patriarchalsociety. This meant that men had the power and all women werecompelled under the supremacy of their husbands and fathers. It was alsopart of a hierarchical society, which was a structure of class, withPrince Escalus at the top, then the Lords and Ladies, such as LordMontague and Lord Capulet rich tradesmen and merchants were under thelords, and at the bottom were the servants such as Juliets nurse.The play is about a pair of star-crossed lovers who take their livesbecause of their families feud. The house of Montague and the houseof Capulet have been quarrelli ng for years and years, so Juliet ofCapulet and Romeo of Montague recall into a demise-marked love.In act one scene two the two houses of Capulet and Montague have justhad a fight. Prince Escalus has given Lord Capulet a warning that Ifyou invariably disturb our streets again, your lives will pay the forfeit ofthe peace.So he would now be feeling embarrassed, upset, humiliated and ashamed.To show this to Paris and the audience he would gabble and speakquietly. He would hunch to show that he feels a lack of security. Hewould be humble towards Paris and his face would look blank.Paris wants to follow Juliet and has come to Capulet to ask if he has hisblessing. Capulet comes back to his senses and says,My child is yet a stranger in the world which means that he thinksJuliet is alike young to be married off. Paris says that there areyounger wives than her. Then Capulet replies with And too soon marredare those so early made which means that those girls were too youngto be mothers and their lives were ruined. The audience would nowthink that Capulet is a good father and that he truly loves hisdaughter. He even says that she is the hopeful lady of my earth,Which makes the audience think that he is an even better father fromwhen they first public opinion. Because it was very odd at that time for afather to love his ... ...er, because it was very uncommon at that time for a father tolove his daughter so much.Then in act 1 scene 5 the audience purpose that Capulet was a verygood host telling every one to have a good time and enjoy themselves.They thought he was a very jolly person who loves entertaining peopleand that he had the image of a perfectionist. In Act 3 scene 5 theaudience thought that lord Capulet was a horrible father who loses histemper far to quickly and that he was far to harsh toward Juliet andthe nurse.Romeo and Juliets love for each other was very important in the playbecause that was the reason for all the complications like themarriage be tween Paris that was arranged for Juliet, the banishment ofRomeo because he would not fight Tybalt, the death of Mercutio, thedeath of Tybalt, the whole tragedy theme, the deaths of Romeo andJuliet and finally the bringing together of the Capulets and theMontagues.The bringing together of the Capulets and the Montagues happenedbecause of Romeo and Juliets love and their deaths. Because of theseevents both of the families realised how silly they had been andcalled fellowship between them instead of war.