A Study of Human Recourse Management Strategy in organization ( UAE Assignment

A Study of Human Recourse Management Strategy in organization ( UAE Organizations only ) - Assignment Example of an organization consists of several activities, such as recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisal, leave policies and compensation distribution. The human resource management department of ADNOC always tries to develop effective and fruitful human resource management development programs for the management and employees in order to bring efficiency and improvement in each and every human resource management practices. According to the human resource management officials of ADNOC, training and development programs for the employees can be considered as an effective measure of an organization to foster the business growth rate of the organization. Decision making process can be considered as one of the important and effective aspect of the human resource management practices of an organization. The effectiveness of workplace environment, employee satisfaction and significant output of employee performance seriously depends upon the effectiveness of the human resource strategy development and implementation process. ADNOC has become successful for the effectiveness of human resource management practices. The management of the organization has developed and implemented centralize3d decision making process in the human resource management department in order to take entire control over each and every human resource management practice starting from recruitment, selection, training and development process to the performance evaluation and salary or compensation distribution process. This specific HRM decision making process has individual advantages as well as disadvantages. First of all, the management of the organization has re stricted the interferences of the external agencies in the internal human resource management aspects of an organization. On the other hand, it may affect the employee motivation and employee satisfaction aspect. According to the centralization structure, the management of ADNOC does not include important stakeholders in the

Cost Information for decision making Essay Example for Free

Cost Information for decision making Essay Two common costing systems used in business are traditionally cost accounting system (job costing, process costing and operating costing) and activity-based costing system (ABC). There are some similarities and differences between these systems. Regarding the similarities, both accumulate product costs throughout the production process and assign those costs to individual units of production. Additionally, product cost under two costing systems consists of direct materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead. In terms of differences, they are different in the way how the overhead costs are allocated. For conventional costing, it assigns manufacturing overhead based on a single volume based cost driver such as direct labour hours. In contrast, ABC approaches cost from the perspective that products do not cause costs. It requires activities which are the causes of all costs incurred so it allocates manufacturing overhead according to the activities needed to produce the products. Therefore, it highlights the existence of non value added activity which is not existed under traditional method. ABC also differs from conventional costing in the use of several cost pools when allocating the overhead costs. For instance, traditional costing uses only one cost pool to distribute the overhead whereas there are many cost pools involved under ABC. Furthermore, ABC employs both volume-based and non-volume-based cost drivers while conventional costing utilizes only volume-based cost drivers. Another difference is that conventional approach complies with the GAAP so it can be used to satisfy conventional financial reporting requirements. On the other hand, accounting standard board does not accept ABC to prepare financial statements so it can be useful for internal management decision. Under conventional system, there are similarities between job costing, process costing and operating costing. Firstly, they accumulate product costs throughout the production process and assign those costs to products. Secondly, these costing systems calculate the product costs which comprise direct material, direct labour and manufacturing overhead. Lastly, the cost flows for three systems is from raw material to work in process to finished goods and then to costs of goods sold. These first two systems can be distinguished by the following differences. First, job costing system is used by the company which produces unique products or products based on customer orders. Conversely, process costing is for the firms which produce one or a few homogenous products and often have continuous mass production. Second, each individual product costs are traced easily under job costing while process costing makes no attempt to track individual product costs. Thirdly, under job costing, the transfer from one job to another does not take place whereas the production from one process is transferred to next one till the product is full completed under process costing. Next, process costing accumulates product costs in each production department throughout the period while job order costing accumulates product costs to specific units. Operating costing for company which has a mix production system that produces in large quantities but then is customized the finished product. Therefore, operating costing is a combination of process costing and job costing. However, it differs from job and process costing which includes more than two types of cost pools in overhead allocation process. The cost pools are designed to match the separate processes that may be allocated to batches of products. Comment about the quality of your work: According to the assessment criteria, my answer for the question should be marked 7. This is for the following reasons. Firstly, the answer is well-organized into five paragraphs which consist of differences between conventional costing and ABC costing. For instance, the first and second paragraphs demonstrate the similarities and differences between conventional costing and ABC. Apart from this, the answer also points out the similarities and differences between job costing, process costing and operating costing.

Management Of Change Within Mcdoanlds Restaurant Business Essay

Management Of Change Within Mcdoanlds Restaurant Business Essay McDonalds is the worlds largest fast food chain serving more than eight million customers daily. It starts its operation by giving franchise right, affiliated company and starting its own unit. Source of revenue generations are rent, royalties received from franchise or sales units operated by McDonalds. Main products of McDonalds are hamburger, chicken, cheese burger, break fast item, soft drinks and deserts. It is rapidly growing organization; it generated 9% more net income in 2007 than the year 2006. In order to sustain its sell in the market and make company more profitable McDonalds is focusing to bring some changes. It is utmost priority of every organization that it should improve itself in order to strengthen its capabilities and sustain its competitive advantage. It strives for the attainment of this purpose in shape of introducing change management in the organization. In order to remain in the market with full potential management of the organization and lower staff must be ready to bring the change because environment is dynamic and it is rapidly changing and businesses are going to be complex. It is necessary for the organizations to bring changes to operate and keep itself competitive in this dynamic environment.   Business world is continuously changing and new technologies and innovative products have been introduced on daily basis and most of the organizations are accepting theses change even they are not willing to accept. It is because of change benefits, changes bring improvement. When a person accept change and cope up with changes and equipped himself / herself then he/ she bec omes different from other. His worth exceeds than that of the person who does not keep himself / herself up to date. If any employee enhances his/ her skill with new technology, his/ her efficiency increase, can perform better than previous, increase the productivity of the organization.    Thats why it has been observed in the most of the organizations that they adopt changes quickly because they understand the worth of change. They try to equip their employees with modern technology as their performance gets improved. Change is very important for every organization. Companies and business adopt change and incorporate it in their organization for fulfilling the needs of suppliers and customers and to remain competitive in market. We can define change as implementation of new activity; the main purpose of that activity is to enhance the productivity by applying new policies and procedures. Change management process and change implementation has different strategies to change, so the change process is very complex and comprehensive. The most important approach in change implementation process is one which brings accomplishment. Changes in organization are essential at different activates such as modification in management system, change in operations, change in organization structure and change in other activities which management may consider important. Change in necessary when management is facing problem in current system or for getting better the performance of the organization the management may modify the current system or implement change in any activity. The factors that may bring change may be internal and external. Different activities and different new strategies can be introduced tat different level, and these changes and modifications may be restricted or unrestricted, common or general in nature. Internal factors for change may include the following: Change in structure of organization Increase in business needs Alteration in business plan Modification in goals of business External factors for change may include: Technology growth Changes in economic conditions that affect the profitability or value of money Requirement of electronic and technological services It is the primary responsibility of the McDonalds to bring changes in order to achieve organizational goals and objective in effective manner, due to that it must plan from initial stage of change to proper implementation.   For the effective implementations of the change and successful results of the change organization must focus on Individuals and their relationships and continuous improvement system is introduced in which change is carried on properly. In order to improve the organization and bring change successfully, McDonald should consider the issues wisely and come up with positive solution that may break hinders. At each stage organization should take action to overcome the resistance and implement change properly. NEED FOR CHANGE The extent of the change management in McDonald as companys marking plans is restricted to execution of incorporated marketing communication. For bringing new things and new activities in organization, the marketing, advertising and promotional operations of the organization must be focused. Normally different communication mediums are used for marketing and advertising and considered as aid for offering services and ideas and products. Different kinds and different types of communication media are used for marketing and advertising the products. The concentration shall be given on marketing, advertising and promotion in integrated marketing operation. The part of new marketing plans of the McDonald, integrated marketing operation shall be highlighted by this change and new modification. The basic idea of the integrated market operations is to implement change related to health, which spread the information about current development in health and the increasing ration of fatness amon g children and adults for creating target marketing. The objective of integrated market operation is to launch new products for children, and to reduce the effect of growing bad perception about McDonald among the individuals. The marketing approach which focuses on the peoples heath will provide information to parents and children about the new product of McDonald McKids, and about differences between new product and existing products. If the integrated marketing communication system is successfully implemented, then it would provide successful marketing, advertising and public relations operations for efficiently introducing the new products of McDonald to general community. The organization should form a team for bringing new activities that would handle the necessary issues for this change. The new dietary material information of new product has also uploaded on McDonald (Bahrain) website. This change will mainly concentrate on marketing and sale promotion. Nowadays, the menu of McDonald for children has facing the problem of criticism. The integrated marketing communication has been implemented by the McDonald for changing the perception of people about the kid menu of McDonald. Through integrated marketing communication, it will also be ensured that the mission and vision that the McDonald is utilizing has been highlighted in every advertisement or promotion or not. RESISTANCE TO CHANGE It is the well known fact that when any organization brings changes, it faces difficulties while implementing these changes. Resistance may occur before implementing the change, during implementing the change and after implementing the change. thats why these changes are carefully managed as organizations can avoid adverse outcomes of the change because change is brought for the betterment of the organization and management expects some thing better from that change, if it is not properly implemented and it get victimized of extreme resistance then the expected result would be inverse.   It is the priority of the organization that it should manage the change proper way and for this purpose open talks with employees are conducted in order to know the view of the employees because change will directly effect on the employees and if they do not accept it, organization would not achieve desired results. Now it is the responsibility of top authorities to find out ways that can bring org anization up as well as they must terrace out he ways through which that change will be implemented successfully. McDonald is striving to encounter the environmental changes by bringing changes in its promotional activities, by making changes it can respond the external and internal factor that are rapidly changing. Change will be made in promotional activities in which organization will boost its image in the mind of customer. Because of that change McDonald is facing some problems to implement the change that is resistance from employees side. Problems that have been encountered by employees are misperception and negative reaction by the customer and employees, culture is not supporting for these changes. Major problem is reaction by employees and customer regarding the implementation of this change. a few of the employees are in favour of changes, they want that integrated marketing communication should be implemented. Others are resisting implementing that change. They are opposing change because they fear that company is going in wrong direction. They think company what ever is expecting would not attain it but it would encounter more problems due to this change. It is also a problem that those who suggested the change to be implemented are not able to properly convey the outcome the organization would gain from that change. Though technology is rapidly developing in these days, information technology has grown more rapidly than any other technology. specifically in the information technology, if organization purchases computers and uses it for marketing purpose as McDonald is expecting to bring the changes but the issue is that, with the passage of time these computer would be outdated and company will have to replace them. It may cause severe losses for the company. This issue has been raised not only by employees but also by customer thats why they are opposing to bring changes. This has created big issue for the McDonalds because it would not be able to achieve desired results that it is expecting from that change. Company may lose the key employees those who basically operate that change because due to resistance many of the employees may quit the McDonald and McDonald may require a number of other employees who can operate and run this change. It is purely technical task and only IT literate person can handle it. Every organization faces barrier when it comes with innovative idea as McDonald is going to implement new change it also facing barriers and organizations success depends upon the change. Barriers may not be in shape of resistance but they may be resources that required bringing change. Stakeholder may resist because they may not rely the proper usage of that communication media, there may short fall of amount because its implementation requires finance. MANAGING THE RESISTANCE It is the responsibility of McDonalds that how wisely it deals these issues because these issues are not as bigger as they are perceived, for this purpose it must ensure the employees that the change is not going to hurt them rather it would be beneficial for the organization and if organization will move in right direction then ultimate benefit will be given to employees.   Major problem that is with this change in technology that McDonald is going to introduce is not long lasting because computer is rapidly changing, the growth ration in this sector is high. So stakeholder fear that if this change is brought then it would not be the permanent solution, organization may have to change in future. Thats why it should be considered wisely that technology should perform long lasting duration. Information regarding the change will be provided to the employees would be accurate and every one can easily understand. Third issue that McDonalds have to ensure that after implementation how this program will be carried on, the follow up of this program will be ensured by the top authority of management. Necessary training must be provided to the employees who would directly interact with this change and handle all the activities that would occur after change. McDonalds should provide necessary things to carry on the functions that would be run by the employees. There are differences in cultures among the employees who are working in McDonalds. They would not synchronize the activities with the changes because of their differences in culture thats why it would be more difficult for the management of McDonalds to implement the change properly. Apart from that this is most difficult type of conflict; the reason for this conflict would not be change. While implementing the change McDonalds must ensure that who would be responsible to manage the change if any cultural difference is found it must be observed and they must terrace out subcultures to overcome this problem. They must identify that that would be empowered by this change. For solving these types of problems, the executives of McDonald should form a successful culture of the organization, and tough organization by the use of good control of the stakeholders in organization; they should also provide their needs and wants which they require for the motivation of stakeholders which benefit the stakeholders as well as company. For certifying or confirming the continued success in change implementation, some elements are part of human capital management strategy and plan. These elements include processes and procedures for work, design and structure of organization, management performance and program for providing compensation. Some of the customers of McDonald have also created problems in implementation of change in organization. The McDonald should introduce governance process for ensuring the equality among employees and controlling the people of different cultures. The managing and controlling of people in organization is very difficult and challenging task, if we give careful consideration, attention and focus, on it then it will increase loyalty of employees and hardworking which will benefit the organization and employees. If the management provide reasonable time, advance information, incremental peoples for doing job effectively and provide extra hands and minds then the employees work more than what is expected from them. The not availability of any support in achieving the success from processes is the main clash in execution of change. Change can be implemented in different phases; it can not be implemented just by any decision. The people which are involves in change process must go through their experiences for realizing the objectives of the modification. For success in implementing change and solve these types of clashes the management of McDonald should that the information regarding the change objectives and purposes has been properly distributed to all stakeholders and these all stakeholders such as employees, customers, suppliers, staff should realize that they are m ain source and vital for these changes. The management must be able to identify and predict problems which may be faced by organization and those problems may hamper the employees and other stakeholders from supporting the change. RECOMMENDATIONS To shifting the behaviour and perception of the children about healthy fast food may be very complicated, so success of these changes is very doubtful. There Is also indications to be successful in change implementation because of good features of integrated marketing communication. McDonald should ensure that the new advertisement for the new image has been reached to every child in all countries where the products of the company are available, for this the company may use different types of media that disperse the information. These new advertisements for building image of McDonald should also reach to the parent because these are the parents who purchase the food for their children, and these advertisements should persuade the parents to encourage their children for eating healthy and dietary food. There are many ways for changing and innovation, the more concentration is given to research and development. Novelty can be achieved by less formal changes in the job by exchanging and merging professional experience or other approaches may also be used. Innovation can be defined as new ides, new goods, new activities, new services or practices initiated by organization which are useful in achieving the objective of the business. Innovation is much debated area in modern world, whether the innovation is based on new knowledge or expertise or based on needs of societies or communities and market requirements. The common factor in successful innovation is acknowledgement of demands rather than acknowledgement of technical problems. This innovation will positively result for McDonald; it should try its level best to implement this change any way. For the implementation of this change if it has to encounter few problems its must concentrate on it and try to resolve this problem. There are many possibilities for the McDonalds that it would bring revolution in the food industry and will gain competitive advantage. Thought it is food producing company if it crates this promotional activity not only it would attract customer but also affects positively in the minds customers.   CONCLUSION It is utmost priority of every organization that it should improve itself in order to strengthen its capabilities and sustain its competitive advantage. It strives for the attainment of this purpose in shape of introducing change management in the organization. It is the primary responsibility of the McDonalds to bring changes in order to achieve organizational goals and objective in effective manner, due to that it must plan from initial stage of change to proper implementation.   The extent of the change management in McDonald as companys marking plans is restricted to execution of incorporated marketing communication. For bringing new things and new activities in organization, the marketing, advertising and promotional operations of the organization must be focused. Normally different communication mediums are used for marketing and advertising and considered as aid for offering services and ideas and products. Resistance may occur before implementing the change, during implementing the change and after implementing the change. thats why these changes are carefully managed as organizations can avoid adverse outcomes of the change because change is brought for the betterment of the organization and management expects some thing better from that change, if it is not properly implemented and it get victimized of extreme resistance then the expected result would be inverse.   Information regarding the change will be provided to the employees would be accurate and every one can easily understand. Third issue that McDonalds have to ensure that after implementation how this program will be carried on, the follow up of this program will be ensured by the top authority of management. This innovation will positively result for McDonald; it should try its level best to implement this change any way. For the implementation of this change if it has to encounter few problems its must concentrate on it and try to resolve this problem.

Essay on Art as a Reflection of Life in Death in Venice -- Death in Ve

Art as a Reflection of Life in Death in Venice      Ã‚  Death in Venice explores the relationship between an artist, namely Gustave von Aschenbach, and the world in which he lives. Aschenbach, destined to be an artist from a young age, represents art, while his surroundings represent life. As the story unfolds, Aschenbach endeavors on a journey in an attempt to relinquish his position in society as an artist. Aschenbach wants to experience life, as opposed to merely reflecting upon it, as he has done for so many years. This attempted change of lifestyle can also be interpreted as a transition from the ways of Apollo to those of Dionysus, an archetype dating back to Nietzsche's Birth of Tragedy. Aschenbach's journey throughout Death in Venice can be seen as an artist's attempt to live life free from artistic interpretations. In the end, however, Aschenbach fails and his death shows that art is transient. Because of Aschenbach's failure to step down from his position as an artist and to become a part of life, it can be concluded that art is purely a reflection of life. Aschenbach's journey commences upon his encountering a stranger on a portico. "He was obviously not Bavarian." (Mann, 4) Aschenbach, never having ventured far from home, is intrigued by this foreigner who fails to give him the respect and reverence that he is used to as a renowned artist. For the first time in his life, Aschenbach is challenged. "So now, perhaps, feeling, thus tyrannized, avenged itself by leaving him, refusing from now on to carry and wing his art and taking away with it all the ecstasy he had known in form and expression." (Mann, 7) Aschenbach, acknowledging the challenge, resolves to travel. The new territory upon which he is to embark, t... ...be an artist is shown throughout his life, including in his last moments on the beach when he fears Tadzio's death. The irony of Ashenbach's demise emphasizes that art, as a reflection of life, is transient. "And before nightfall a shocked and respectful world received the news of his decease." (Mann, 73) Aschenbach has earned his place in history as an artist. But like all artists, he is replaced by his successors. Aschenbach's transition from an Apollonian way of life to a Dionysian one shows that art reflects life. In his case, art is nothing more than a reflection, and although beautiful and appreciated, it is not an essential element of life itself.    Works Cited "Mann, Thomas." Microsoft(r) Encarta(r) 98 Encyclopedia. 1993-1997. Mann, Thomas. Death In Venice. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. http://philos.wright.edu/Dept/CLS/wk/204/DV.html

Baseline Project Plan Report Essay

1.0Introduction A.Project overview- Project scope: We will contract yearly with university to create wiring network of PCs in laboratory for students with 60 PCs and maintenance it during 5 year. Justification: we want to make the interface between students and staff and between the students themselves more easily and usefully. Recourse requirement: to make this network I need 60 computer, cables and switches, server for the internet tables and chare. Schedules: we must finish this network in 16 days. The problem: the data is difficult to transform between the staff and it is always redundant when it will be use and there is many resources (like printers, faxes †¦..) The environment: the university with student and staff have good experience in PCs and in the network The Constraints: can face us is the lab is so small to fit 60 PCs and the budget is very less than the cost. B.Recommendation- planning process is to buying all thing to make the network and built it in the lab and finally is to test this network and maybe to maintenance it in the future , so I recommend to make a very professional network with 60 high speed computers and with huge hard disk and with speed access to the Internet . 2.0System Description A.Alternatives- to solve the problem I face is to make a wiring network ,wireless network ,or to share the data by emails or easily with flash memory B.System description: wiring network: is network build in lab for university with cables and switches that receive data from any computer and maybe store it or transfer it to another computer, or receive a request for one of the recourses and then do it. 3.0Feasibility Assessment A.Economic Analysis- TANGIBLE BENEFIT WORKSHEET Year 1 through 5 1- Error reduction. 2- Increased speed of activity. 3- Improve the planning and services 4- Cost reduction 5- Other6,500 15,000 4,500 30,000 0 TOTAL tangible benefits56,000 B.Technical Analysis- C.Operational Analysis- This project is save time, make the data transfers faster than before and all features we put it is useful to solve this problem . D.Legal and contractual Analysis-just the related to departure web sites is legal and not all persons can use this lap. E.Political Analysis- there is an agreements between us so each girl must be agree on the work of other girls and there is an agreements between us and the university so must the responsible person for the project happy from our work F.Schedules, Timeline, Resource Analysis- The project finish on time and don’t late and the network ready to use. 4.0Management Issues A.Team Configuration and Management-We are a group of 5 girls one of us is a group leader and two is responsible for communication with the supplier and other for linking and building the network and one for software and all group do the maintenance if something wrong happen in the future B.Communication Plan- we make meeting approximately every 2 days and communicate with email also and some of them go to university also every 2 days to show them the work. C.Project Standard and Procedures- the organization evaluate us depend on our work that must be what the university want , the time of finish the project

Dracula Essay

Texts such as the novel Dracula, and the film Interview with the Vampire, are often shaped by the values and attitudes within society at the particular time in which it was created. As a result, the context plays a major role in the construction of a text. In Dracula, a novel in epistolary format set and published in 1897 by Bram Stoker, not only do the concepts of sexuality, religion, family, technology, class and gender roles reflect the way they were viewed in the Victorian era, but the actual form of the text itself, a long novel in a book form, mirrors the style of Victorian texts due to the limited technology available. Similarly, in the film Interview with the Vampire directed by Neil Jordan, the different and changing concepts of religion, sexuality, class, family and gender roles from the four different contexts; the 1791 slave period, the 1870s in France, the 1980s in America and the 1994 context, are reflected in the film in a DVD format. In Dracula, the representation of woman as belittled and with limited roles mirrors the rigid expectations of the Victorian era. During the 1800s, women were confined to narrow gender roles, as represented by the virgin/whore dichotomy substantiated through two of Dracula’s key characters, Mina and Lucy. The figure of Mina displays the innocence, loyalty and purity expected from women of the time: â€Å"she is one of Gods women†¦ † (P. 226), whilst Lucy’s character illustrated the non-virtuous figure as she appears as flirtatious: â€Å"you will think me a horrid flirt†¦ † (P. 70), and gives us the subtle impression that she has a hidden desire to break out of the social constraints of the Victorian period: â€Å"why can’t they let a girl marry three men, or as many as want her, and save all the trouble? †(P. 70). Due to Lucy’s desire to break out, she must be punished in order to restore Victorian standards: â€Å"Arthur took the stake and the hammer†¦ hen he struck with all his might†¦ there, in the coffin lay no longer the foul Thing†¦ † (P. 259/60). This use of imagery implies that Arthur returns Lucy to a state of purity, passivity and innocence, as well as signifies the power and dominance males had over females at this particular time due to the patriarchal tendencies and views of the Victorian society. The actions of Dracula constantly using his powers to fulfil his desires also symbolizes this male dominance and superiority over women: â€Å"his right hand gripped her by the back of the neck, forcing her face down on his bosom†¦ terrible resemblance to a child forcing a kitten’s nose into a saucer of milk to compel it to drink. † (P. 340) Stocker uses strong imagery to evoke this. Comparably, in Interview with the Vampire, the positioning of an African American woman as a maid, as exemplified by the close up shot of Yvette’s hand clearing away Louis’ plate, reflects the gender roles in the 1800s slavery period. During this period, white men had great power over their African American slaves. As a result, many took advantage of them. The panning camera shot progressing up Yvette’s body from Louis point of view reflects the temptation many men endured to satisfy their sexual urges. In this case, Louis could not resist and took a bite, symbolizing penetration. The extreme close up shot of Yvette’s face exposes the pain and suffering many belittled African American women experienced, whilst the act of Louis putting his hand over her mouth and killing her due to her screaming symbolizes the concern of other people becoming knowledgeable about such a dirty action of a prosperous, well respected white man. Conversely, the involvement of two men, Louis and Lestat, in the growth of Claudia’s vampirism reflects the contemporary context of the increasing role of males in society as well as in their children’s life: â€Å"you became my mother, and my father†¦ †. The freely expressed conversation between Yvette and Louis also mirrors the contemporary context, as back in the 1800s, a slave would never talk to their master without been spoken to first. In Dracula, the constant mentioning of religious phrases and religious symbols, such as the crucifix and wafer indicates the importance of religion in the Victorian culture even though the introduction of various forms technology began to change this. This change in Victorian values is represented by the conflict between Dracula and the four men; Jonathan, Quincey, Dr. Seward and Dr. Van Helsing. The character of Dracula symbolizes the changes commencing, whilst the men symbolize Victorian sensibilities- belief in the power of God:â€Å"The Professor stood up and, after laying his golden crucifix on the table†¦ Dr. Helsing went on†¦ †but we, too, are not without strength†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ † (P. 286). This battle between good and evil ends with the defeat of Dracula, allowing the return of the important ideals of the Victorian culture: â€Å"after all, these things- traditions†¦ are everything†¦ † (P. 287) The importance of religion and the idea of the vulnerability to evil of those not religious in the Victorian era is emphasised when an old women offers a crucifix to Jonathan after learning he was going to meet Count Dracula: â€Å"she then rose and dried her eyes, and taking a crucifix from her neck offered it to me†¦ (P. 6). Throughout the text, the demonic figure of Dracula is conveyed to be the opposite of Christ as exemplified when he creates â€Å"one of the greatest and suddenest storms†¦ † (P. 91) to aid his arrival into the harbor. This is the complete opposite to the act of Jesus quietening the storm when he was at sea with his disc iples. Similarly to Dracula, the representation of religion in Interview with the Vampire also reflects the way it was viewed its various contexts. The close up shot of Armade saying â€Å"I know nothing of God, or the Devil†¦ illustrates how the belief and understanding of religion has significantly dropped in the 1994 contemporary context. The mid shot of Louis saying â€Å"actually I’m quite fond of looking at crucifixes† elucidates the lack of power religion has in today’s society. The practising of Voodoo as shown in a mid shot of the African Americans waving dolls near a fire accompanied by yelling and chanting, symbolizes the importance of religion and warning off evil during the slave trade in a still highly religious society. Likewise, the use of a religious symbol as shown the mid shot of Armade holding the young girl’s arm up in a similar way to Jesus on the cross whilst performing on stage, is used to signify that death and the resurrection, though as a vampire, is about to occur. In Dracula, the exemplification of sexuality reflects the controversial topics of the rigid Victorian era. During this period, women were belittled and suppressed. If a woman was to be sexually assertive, it was deeply frowned upon by society as there was a great emphasis on the importance of encouraging chastity and innocence of ladies. At the commencement of the novel Lucy is evidently a sexual women: â€Å"My dear Mina, why are men so noble when we are so little worthy of them? † (P. 70), however her full expression of sexuality is released when she is transformed into a vampire: â€Å"Come to me Arthur†¦ my arms are hungry for you. Come and we can rest together†¦ †. As aforementioned, punishing Lucy for being sexually forward will restore Victorian order and put her back in her rightful place: â€Å"She is not a grinning devil now- not anymore a foul thing for all eternity†¦ † (P. 261). During the Victorian period, homosexuality was considered a serious matter, thought to be evil and wrong, and was often punished by time in jail or even death. In Dracula, there are many metaphoric references to homosexuality, the first incident being when Jonathan cuts his cheek shaving: â€Å"I felt a hand on my shoulder†¦ the man was close to me†¦ the cut bled a little†¦ his eyes blazed with a sort of demoniac fury, and he suddenly made a grab at my throat†¦ † (P. 30). This sees Dracula tempted to take a bite, therefore symbolizing the temptation of penetration. Analogously to Dracula, the film Interview with the Vampire also conveys the sexual attitudes of its various contexts. The close up shot showing the homoerotic tensions between Louis and Armade accompanied by emotional classical music reflects the 1990s context in which people were beginning to openly express their homosexuality during the Gay Rights Movement. During this period, many gay couples also began to adopt with the intention of creating a family. This is evoked in the novel when Lestat revives Claudia and turns her into a vampire: â€Å"you’re mine and Louis’ daughter now†¦ †, with the purpose of creating â€Å"one happy family†¦ . During the 18th century in America, the discussion and about sexuality and the act of kissing in public was beginning to be socially accepted as symbolized by the mid shot of Louis and Lestat kissing a girl on a chair whilst in the public’s view. Through analysing the novel Dracula and the film Interview wit h the Vampire, it is evident that the context plays a major role in the construction of a text. Many of the social meanings of a text reflect not only the values and attitudes of society at a particular time, but also the concerns and fears as exemplified through the studied texts.

What Moral Guidance Does Jane Austen Offer in Her Novels †Book Reviews

What Moral Guidance Does Jane Austen Offer in Her Novels – Book Reviews Free Online Research Papers What Moral Guidance Does Jane Austen Offer in Her Novels Book Reviews Writing at such a time when works such as ** were being written with the express purpose of educating a young lady in the behanviour appropriate to her, Austen is writing in a climate in which there are clear and strict rules guiding young womens comportment. Moreover, essays laying down these laws were not uncommon. Perhaps suggesting the rules would be going too far, the presence of literature on the subject is indicative of a debate surrounding the precise requirements of a young lady entertaining a gentlema, or considering marriage. It would not, then, be unreasonable to suppose that Austen, whose subject matter is almost exclusively the behaviour of these young ladies who are the object of the tracts attentions, she is herself then contributing to the debate. Not unreasonable to suppose this, but neither is it immediately entirely obvious if this is even th case. When looking at her works themselves, let alone what it is that she is suggesting. The scope of Jane Austens work is not broad, the six completed novels focus the attentions almost exclusively on the social manoeuverings of the gentry, in a selected group of families. Many of the novels are set in simolar physical locations, such as Bath, in part because of its social implications as a spar town for the gentry to congregate and socialize. The Bath season was marked on the social calendar. As well as this, the parlours, drawing rooms and dinign tables which punctuate the narative are shared among them, emblems of the strata, *the interest of the novels*. The protagonist of Persuasion is a middle-aged woman, Anne Elliot, but she is unusual among Jane Austens heroines, who are young women emerging into society and looking for a way to establish themselves. *and their position* When looking into the moral guidance, Jane Austenss novels my or may not have to offer this as a vital consideration. The themes and ideas which arise as considerations for the characetrs in the different novels often have much in common. The young protagonists share concerns and face similar moral dilemmas, when looking to the moral teaching Jane Austen offers in the novels, one must recognise a narrowness also in the range of issues which arise, or which Austen makes pertinent to the characters. This situation, then, might prompt an investigator into Jane Austens didacticism to look to her readership. The moral guidance offered by the books, given this narrow scope may unavoidably be irrelevant to an audience which cannot identify with the problems discussed in the novel. While, for example Mansfield Park has a complexity of perspective which distributes the moral issues confronted among a relatively broad selection of characetsr, others, for example Emma, are written from a single perspective. The description Jane Austen offers of the context of the novels, the details of the life style and interests and activities of the spectrum of society they portray are widely accepted as very accurate descriptions of Jane Austens own social experience. The dances and walks, the lovemaking of her characters are the very same that Austen herself might have experienced in life, and by extension the very same being offered to those subjects, and objects, of her novels; those young w ome emerging into their own social arenas. The narrow scope of the narrative may then be seen as ainguarly relevant to an audience which it directly addresses, the guidanceoffered, a genuine code to live by, just as ** in the essay mentioned earlier set out to direct young women. There are two streams of morality already emerging to be considered, howevere. Jane Austen was the daughter of a rector, and a rectors daughter. There is a strict moral code bound into her upbringing, and according to the biographical work offered about her, was a code by which she continued always to live her own life. It is possible for an author to live their own set of values, indeed to allow these to inform the creation of their literary works, without any requirment or unavoidable necessity for this to be passed on to their reader. Thus while our author lived by a specific set of values, is she concerned with passing these on to her reader in such a way as to urge their adoption by that readership. Indeed, to what depth might this go? Emma, in the novel bearing her name, ** like many of the girls in the novels, is concerned with her own movement in society, finding and making a proper match, and the particular and rigorous demands of the societys code of conduct, the intr icacies and subtleties of polite society.** Yet our author shows frequently he disparity between an outwards appearance of exemplary behaviour and character, and the motivation behind it. Henry James has been recorded as commenting thus on Jane Austens work. Jane Austen; leaves us hardly more curious of her own process.than the brown thrush who tells his story from the garden bough. Which would suggest that Austen failed to impress him with the lack of subtelty he perceives in her work. Indeed, this seems a plausible conclusion. The novels all finish with a happy resoluiton of the dilemmas which have caused so much anxiety thorughout; the matches are made to the ultimae satisfaction of the significant characters, and our virtuous heroines prove their sufferance to have been worthwhile, emerging victorious. This, however, is a very simplistic way of looking at novels, a tempting trap to to fal into, but one which does the complexity and sublety of Jane usts work no credit., and indeed misses many of the nuances which make her work so intriguing. It is difficult to believe that such simple anduninspiring a situation would have been so enduring as the popularity of austens work proves her. It is necessary, then, to address these subtelties and complexities to determine first of all what they are and how they are communicated to the reader. Jane Austen wrote in a etter to her siser, Cassandra, explaining that; I do not write for such dull elves/ As have not a great deal of ingenuity themselves. This is a sentiment ***** picked up, describing Austens acute awareness of a critical audience lible to pounce. Ths may have been been the case, but it seems no great puzzle why such ideas should be pertinent to a whole swathe of critical work on the novel Emma. Ingeneous is one word which recurs in such critical works, and seems a reasonable starting point for an examination of Jane Austens desire for an alert readership. In recent year, such thinkers as her have published much on the interaction of ext reader and author, andthe three way collaboration involved in the actual writing of the text itself. These thoughts have emerged from study of literature, although the authors themselves may not have been fully conscious of the situation while writing their texts, such theories are pertinent to Jane Austens work whilst examining the moral guidance she offers thorugh this tertiary relationship. T he ingenuity she requires of her reader is bacuse of the active involvement she seeks them to take in the act of reading her novels. Indeed an active reading is both encouraged as part of the didactic process , and necessary for the process to occur at all. *** Attention is drawn throughout Emma to a pairing of guessing and judgment. This happens relatively early on in Mr. Knightleys response to Emmas lucky guess concerning the match of the Westons. He suggests that any two such characters would have rationaly found a match in each other by their own devices. Suggesting Emma has not shown the particular insight into the situation that she imagines. In this way, Jane Austen consciously brings up the correlation of two such indefinite acts as judgment and guessing, bringing them to the readers attention. Winding their way through the development of the text, such an uneasy pairing strike a warning chord in the readers aproach to the text. Having been alerted to the possibility of such an inadvisable ellision, *** the reader is warned to step back from the text. The reader, thus, is encouraged by the writer herself through the narrative not to accept blindly what it says, but to recognize the difference between these two terms. ; guess in and judgment, subsequently confront the text with an awareness of it. Jane Auten is encouraging th reader to develop their powers of judgment, or atleast to use those they have, rather than simply reading. Helping them to come this conclusion themselves but with enough hints to reassre them this is what is required. Such skills, she implies, are necessary outside of the text also, however. In the reading of the text, nothing is at stake, such that poor judgment on the part of the readership has no dire consequences, it can thus form a safe environment in which to test skills applicable in real life where such things as a misjudgement of a character may have more sinister consequeces. Indeed, our author presents the readerof Emma such a complex heroine that their powres of judgement are truly tested. She is a charming, witty, and intelligent young woman, and singularly persuasive. She is shown with a particular talent for getting her own way with her governess, and she works this wiley way on the reader also/ The reader, having been alerted, must remain vigilat at all times; passivity is too much of a risk and yet even once she has been exposed as fallible, the reader is once again persuaded by her remorse, and the frnk honesty of her self-appraisals. It is difficult to know if Jane Austens is asking a particular opinion of the readers, while she may have faults, Emmas virtues are also presented to the reader such that he must recognise that a clear, black and white condemnation or commendation of Emma is an immature and inappropriate conclusion to make. However, wound throughtout the novel is the idea of the charade. The many layers of appearance and realit y which shift and change to unsettle and confuse. The development then, of a fine and precise nuance of judgement, but also having come to a conclusion which is defensible rational and secure, the reader must remain firm. This need for a firm self-belief is constantly re-cited as the debates occuring throughout test the reader. Both sides of the arguments are resented in such a way that they seem plausible, thus in chapter five, Mr. Knightley presents a strong, if ill-humoured case against Emmas friendship with Harriet. Later he concedes that she has perhaps done Harriet some good. In this way Jane Austen leaves the reader to make their own conclusions, having established a mode of reasoning for themselves in which they have conviction. Thus in chapter eighteen, when Mr. Knightley and Emma are again in discussion, this time in relation to Franks failure to appear, Jane Austen leaves the reader with her inconclusive offering spoken by Emma, we are both prejudiced; you against, and I for him. There is noone for the reader to turn to give them assurance in their opinion. Austen was not alone in using her writing as something more than just a novel. Many of her contemporaries were writing morally improving novels themselves, for example Maria Edgeworth, who is particularly widely recognised for her very explicitly didactic work. The tradition of educative fiction was well established, and this was something that Austen was able to use to involve the reader in a relationship wth the writer. Many of her novels, for example Mansfield Park, begin in much the same way as the genre dictates. Already established outside of the particular novel, then, is the general relationshp of reader to text. The reader thought he knew what to explect, and Jane Austen had a clear tradition to follow. This, then, is an irresistable forcein the writing of the novels. And yet our author feels no compunction to stick rigidly to ths; the very twists and turns she makes are those aspects she uses in the communication of her particular instruction. Neither does she shy away from an acknowledgement that she is concerned with the education of the reader. Such ideas of education and instruction are a theme within the novels themselves. Mansfield Park shows clearly how the differing educations of the young women who populate it shape them, their voices, motivations and decisions. This does not refer to an education in the sense of learning maths and gegraphy, ratherit is the education that all these young lasdies and those of similarsocial standing for whom Austen wrote, were concerned with. The accumulation of attribtes such as singing dancing, learning the proper modes of behaviour in many social situations, preparing oneself for the best possible match. In Mansfield Park, the Crawfords have been eucatedby their uncle who who has passed onto them his material values amidst the table mannres and small talk. Their values are contrasted with the infinitely less worldly, though aspiring, Bertram sisters, and of course, Fanny. Perhaps then the reader should not be surprised by Henry Crawfords deliberate attempt to seduce the Bertram gilrs, ad their naive readiness to accepthis advances. Fanny, slightly on the perimeter, can recognise Henrys plan, and remains immune. Directly addressing the issue in this way, although the connection is not spelt out, raises the readers awareness, if nothing else, of the role of education in a persons development as propounded in the narrative, and perhaps by Austen herself. It has been suggested that Austen, aware of the subjective interpretation the reader will make of her protagonists, and the implications the novels have for morality, desired of her reader not an intimate recreation of the protagonists particularities and peculiarities, rather an identificaiton with the general role she fulfills. Austen seeks to aid the readers dependence on her for instruction, encouraging the indiviual instead to develop their own strategies and systems. To this end, she holds back from the reader. The shifts and charads of Emma are one tool she uses to achieve this. Such guise and disguise are no more absent from Mansfield Park. Yet here there is a slightly different emphasis of construction. The characters gather together to perform a play, an interesting juxtaposition thus occurs of the habitual performances the characters offer according to their social roles and relative positioning, and the stage performance, itself supposed to be the example of artifice. Aus ten has the characters take on pars in the playwhich make explicit, exaggerate or highlight the reality of the roles in life.So, Edmund has the part of a love-lorn clergyman, Mary thatof a fallen woman. The play removes the usual social bindings and gives vent to a liberated cast. The play itself, Kotzebues Lovers Vows, as evidence from the time suggests, was particularly notorious and widely banned. This, then to a contempoary audience would have set alarm bells ringing. At the same time this reader recognises what it is that the play has uncovered in the charcters. It allows them to act as they never could in the drawing room and presents a reality which, to Austen and the reader is distinctly plausible. In the midst of the cast is one voice raising doubts, that of Fanny. Fanny is the only one of the cast who has read the play through to the end and having considered it as a whole, feels uncomfortable with it. This is particularyl revealing. The other characters raise objections, make changes, but to their own parts, which they look straight o tin isolation, and in relation to its reflecion on them. The vanity which Austen repeatedly highlights among the cast ofcharactersincludes in it sdefinition both an exclusive self-interest and the pursuit of worldly goals. The theologiacal edge o this central vice in the novel ontrasts with the tint of religious colouringgiven to Fanny. Her credentials include Christianity, and as such an awareness of herself within a wider moral universe. It requires of her also a self-knowledge which is not indulgent or false, rather is encouraged by her honesty and uninflated awaerness of herself. It is such sef-knowledge that Austen desires to foster in her readers. In contrasdt with the Bertram sisters, Fanny is not led ast ray, her self-awareness enables amature firmness in her and facilitates a honed power of judgement. Austen illustrates in the maturing of Fanny across the three books how the kernal of self-knowledge present at the beginning which urges her to hold back and examine the situation around her adnd what it requires of her. Thu in the first book she i very much a peripheral observer, instinctually waiting in lieu of certainty and illustrating the struggle that it is to develop judgement. The characters occupying central stage at the time are neglecting such contemplation and establishmnt of foundations, something which Austen later illustrates is woefully neglectful and foolish as Fanny comes to the fore. In astens last novel, Persuasion the reader meets a character who is more mature than any of Austens others, and whohas pased through this perod of learning and establishing already. Anne Elliot, having been persuaded by a friend to break off her engagement witht he amn he loves, and is alone now in the world in which she is nothing without her husbands name, a fear reinforced by her fathers book Baronetage which has space only for her with a husband. And yet, as the novel develops, it is revealed to the reader as Anne herself recognises the extent to which she feels relief at the fate he hsa escaped. The world she inhabits is one nwhich she is expected to be a reflection of what others want from her. This is explicitly illustrated by her fathers mirrored dressing room, and recurrs elsewhere in the text. She comes to recognise in Mary and Louisa the person she could have become, and thus the imprisonment she has escape in the cage of male authority she would then have inhabited. A r eflection is only a superficial image, something the characters in the text dwell on, and indeed honour, for example Sir Walter, whose only concerns are the physical harmony and attractiveness of those around him and it is according to these standards he allocates value. The deeper self-knowledge that Anne comes to, her recognition of her love for Captain Wentworth, and ultimately her rejection of Lady Russell and her method of valuing the superfiial over more profoundemotion reresents her ultimate act of belief and self-knowledge. Much emphasis is given to the physical in Persuasion. Its settig for the most part is Bath, a place where people go seeking a cure for physical ailments. Moreover, scattered throughout the text are invalid, damaged and ill people. The superficiality of value based on appearance is constantly covertly attacked through the novel. The illness and decay whoich surround the main characters acts as a reminder of the fragility of the physical, and more imporatantly, of its temporality and the fleeting time it will last. Set against this is the firm, unchanging strength of emotion Anne feels for Captain Wentworth, and it is this which ultimate endures, and is in fact rewarded. Moreover Anne, external to the superficial concerns and currency of the sociey around is cast as nurse. It is she who has the tools and power to regenerate and restore. And so Austen can be seen to run together both a seemingly simple triumph of virtue over vice in all of these texts, with the more complexprocess by which this is achieved. The virtuous characters are the heroines, and those from whom the reader should learn by example how to do good. Yet, the less-than-virtuous characters of th enovels are equally as clearly protrayed, their vices rarely make them detestabe, indeed, often their enthusiasm is distinctly redeeming. In contrast, the heroine of Mansfield Park, Fanny, was even described by Austens own mother as insipid, and this si among th epolite criticism. Surely, it could be argued, by depicting vice so clearly, Austen is taking a risk? It is, of course, in keeping with what this essay has argued so far, Austen wants her reader to come to his own comclusions. Thus while giving examples of the virtuous, it would perhaps be neglectful or naive to exclude illustarions of the unvirtuous. Moreover, virtue then has something to be determin ed by. But, then there is another consideration to be made which sheds a deifferent light on the affection shown for the rebellious, bichy foils to the virtuous heroine. Austen, desptite the intricacies ad efort in volved in these novels designed to offer an eduaction to her audience of youngladies, lives a life which thoroughly contradicts what it is she offers as an ideal. Superficially she is an old maid, living within the close family circle of her aprents andsiblings, not seeking the advantages of marriage or the pursuits of a refined young lady. Yet to hold this up as hpocrisy would be missing the very essence of the points Austen is trying to communicate. She is after all trying to assert the more integral values of a firm morality and clear judgement over the trimmings of civilised life among the getility. Yet her identification with the rebellious charcters does seem to jar slighly with the life she suggests as an ideal. There seem to be indications that Austen herself is not enti rely convinced. There is a clear element shared by all the texts, but particularaly Persuasion, which explores the submission of women to male authority. It has been said of Anne that she has renounced her own life story, perhaps the ones that are being played out in the mirrors she sees around her. Austen expresses a sense of female maturity which constitues a fall from freedom and independence into a debilitating, ladylike dependence. This is something Anne has directly escaped, but suffers indirectly because the parameters of the world in which she lives define women only in terms of their position in relaionto men. The striong women figuring in the novel are absent forces: banished or dead, or widows, who have survived the male authority which previously defined them. This resistance to the common trends of social tradition which Austen acknowledges as almost irresistable forces in her own novesl is also played out in Ausetens own life by her. She acts, in writing, to liberate herself from the binds which weave themselves around the characters. Anne, in Persuasion, describes her distrust of literature, saying she will not allow books to prove anything because they were all written by men, just as her fathers Baronetage is, in which her role is seemingly defined. Anne feels at the mercy of such a tool which in her society seems to be weilded by men who govern what is recorded. Austen is un-writing this fear she describes in the novel by the very process of writing herself. Austen could use the novel form to re-write a reality in which she would not have to fight against such a dominant patriarchy. It is interesting that she does not choose to do this. Instead she writes of the society she experiences around her, and of potential experiences of ind ividuals within that society. Inthis sense, even if she doesnt address head on the issue of a moral negotiation of contemporary society, she does offer tactics for surviving it. So far, however, this essay has only addressed the mral guidance Austen has to offer the original audience, and has really only considered in depth hat the novels offer the specific details of comportment in every day society, indeed in teresting for the insight they offer. The rituals of, for example, an afternoon promenade, or an evening at the ball, or the definition of whether or not a young lady has come out is not relevant to us. Yet, as we have repeatedly identified in the process of this essay, this is not the focus of Austens attention, nor does it address the many depths at hich this essay functions. Thus do the novels offer anything of this type to a modern audience? Such values as a developed power of judgement and the ability of an individual to perceive themselves as part of a broader whole are things which are universally desirable. Despite the passage of thime, the humanit a modern audience shares with Austens original means the novels still have a relevance today. Th is is subject to the same conditions as Austens original audience received the works under; namely, she offers no dictatorial exposition of definite rules, rather novels require the same of the modern reader as of the original: an active involvement in the text in rder to develop fo himself that framework of values which is aspired to . Austen does not set up a polarity of right and wrong, although her life and writing were informed by a specific moral code, she is not interested in inflicting a narrow, over-simplified morality on her readership, rather Austen is in terested in the process by which morality is developed by and within the individual reader. She leads by exaple, offering illusrations both positive and negative. Though it can be argued that the continued, almost ridiculous, rushed endings in which everything climaxes happily ever after undermine the positive endorsement of the virtuous heroine and the conseueces of her decisions and choices, it is perhaps dangerous to take too simplistic and singular a view. As a proponent of moral frameworks, even if the minutiae of exactly what are difficult to pinpoint, it seems reasonable for Austen to expect tirumph for a moral person. She does not offer specific incentives to the reader for adopting a moral standpoint, this would undermine all the efforts involve d in creating a space in which the reader is free to choose. And yet it does make sense that for her this is seen as the logical conclusion. Rarely does Austen outright condemn a whole character, although her heroine may not come to a wholly favourable conclusion relating to them. While she advocates morality in a person, she proposes the possibility that there are variations within this remit. Perhaps this is because the parameters are imperfect, which makes a pure morality unlikely. The disparity between what it is that Austen advocates in her novels, and her own life raises interesting questions, perhaps she realises that an upstanding moral life is something to aspire to. It is certain that her focus is on the process, rather than the actual goal throughout the novels. This also is a principle which applies as much today as it did to the original audience. Thus her treatment of moral didacticism in her novels can be seen as offering universal principles for the on-going develop ment of an individuals moral wel-being, an idea which is bound into the teaching and worship of Christianity. It is also temporal, such that some of the considerations she has are subject to the specific confines of her own space and time. These are interesting, though less relevant ot a modern audience, but for Ausetn form the basis of an exploration and critique of the society in which she lives. Moralit is often talked of in terms of a set of values or a moral framework, the concept of morality is very much contained in the english language, and by extension, finite. Morality is not the only containing force present in the novels, but the expressions of it permeate. Persuasion for example, is set in Bath, which in the eighteenth century was a city of squares and circuses; neat, sterile containers, within which the gentry were protected from contaminating elements; the uncontolled wilds of nature, te dirt and defilement of the working ad lower classes. In part this is the effect of Austens desire to demarcate her subject matter, isolating it from the workings of society which do not concern them. This in itself may be a reflection on the narrow scope of the characters themselves, emphasising perhaps an unreality or dislocation of their lives which has implications for the validity of their claims. Emmas visit to the squalid labourers house seems charitable ad altruistic, yet wlaking roud the bend on the road away from the house she is able to leave such thoughts behind her, running straight back into present concerns of her own life. Bath is not the only confined space available. The drawing rooms and parlours of the various houses, though they may be large and sumptuous, still represent a form of imprisonment, the space the men allow the women and in which all of thier buisness is done. The idea of containment does not have positive association, and indeed it can be looked at in terms of bringing the situation under control. If everyone knows their place, and space, within the shared framework, the risk of anarchy or the unexpected is reduced. Austen knowing the limitationsin which the women live does not demand, she suggests and advises. She does not seek to impose another set of limits on her female audience. Anne, in Persuasion, through her circumstances, has broken throught the confines she is free to act on instinct and emotion, rather than leaving these considerations exclided; an assertion of the identifiably female within the patriarchy. In contrasst, Mrs Smith has been paralyzed by the circumstances she finds herself in; trapped by her impotence as a woman. Research Papers on What Moral Guidance Does Jane Austen Offer in Her Novels - Book ReviewsComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Fifth HorsemanRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThree Concepts of PsychodynamicEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtHonest Iagos Truth through Deception

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Four play summaries essays It takes place in a mental institution where a new patient has just arrived. This patient ends up messing with everyone and creating chaos in the institution. R.P. McMurphy is a new patient at the mental institution, he is a charming devil, who wants to serve a very short sentence in the mental institution instead of a long term sentence in a prison. This is a mistake, he suddenly learns, for he runs into Nurse Ratched, who can keep him institutionalized forever. He ends up taking over the ward, controlling the rest of the patients, and to the astonishment to medical professionals, he makes Chief Bromden, who was presumedly deaf and dumb, speak. He turns the other inmates into more extrovert people by doing all sorts of things, from playing games, arranging a party at midnight, or even staging a revolt so that the other patients can watch the world series. Afraid that McMurphy will become more controlling than she is, Nurse Ratched has McMurphy submitted to shock treatment. After he recovers, he is forced to undergo one of the worst 'treatments' for his final correction, a frontal lobotomy. However to save McMurphy from this, the Chief kills McMurphy, and escapes from the institution. List and Descrive the main characters in the play- R.P. McMurphy- Patient, very loud and obnoxious, very controlling and caniving Nurse Ratched- Very mean Nurse, likes to control all the patients in the institution, by any means necessary Chief Bromden- Deaf and dumb Indian, or pressumedly so. Identify and explain a key line in the play- It's not necessarily a key line during the play, its more of an instance during the play the sends everything spiraling down. During the scene in which McMurphy has finally pushed Nurse Ratched to her boiling point, and she turns him to shock treatment, then schedules a frontal labotomy for him, which causes the Chief to kill him, and get the other prisoners to escape. This is a story...

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N2 - Assignment Example The skills and talents can be honed and developed to contribute to the care of the patient, while the personality of the person has to be taken into account when making decisions of a person’s role in patient care to maximize the good that person can do. The job factor is all about finding the right task for the right people. It means matching up jobs that require certain skill to someone proficient in that skill. It makes the job easier and more effective for everyone. To do this, one must know about the person taking care of the patient as well as the patient himself/herself. Fitting the job to a person’s strengths is not just a matter of making it easier. It is a wise use of resources which would be invaluable, especially in a hospital where lives are at stake. The organization is the interactions and the standards set between the health care staff. It is composed of the health and safety culture, the leadership system, and the communications of the health care providers. This is important because even if the right people are available for the right jobs, a lack of coordination from the organization could undo such advantages. Taken as a whole, The field of Human Factors are variables that define the relationships between people, work, and the systems governing them in a specific area (Carstens, 2005, p. 83). The effective manipulation of these factors in a hospital setting is matters of life and death, thus are sound candidates for careful scrutiny and application. In the medical-surgical setting, we can see many instances where human factors contribute to the welfare of patients. Sadly, mistakes are unavoidable, and it is here where we find the limits of the human factors, as well as areas to find improvement. Surgical practice is one of the best situations wherein human factors are apparent, and the effects are immediately appreciable. The

Case Study for ODP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Case Study for ODP - Essay Example As the reporter declares "my mentor, Dr. Hughes, supervised me as I took Mary and Mrs. Silvestre through the theater admission procedures. After sometime, Mrs. Hughes resolved to speedily nip to the lavatory in the process so as to get back, and relocate the patient into theatre. He left me to complete the remaining procedures and prepare the patient for admission. During this time, I observed that the agreement form had been contracted by Mary and a comment added to the notes that Mary thought she was pregnant. I proceeded to confirm this comment setting Mary free for theater admission after completing all required procedures. After transferring Mary into theatre, my mentor attempted to supplement a cannula in Mary’s hand. To my utter amazement, Mary was startled by a sharp pain inflicted upon her by the inserted cannula. She immediately withdrew her hand resulting in the cannula becoming dislodged with some blood spillage. I privately ask Dr. Hughes why such a unique occurre nce was taking place, and she quickly confessed that she had not really attempted a cannula procedure unsupervised before. I concluded that she must have forgotten to follow certain necessary procedures resulting into the pain experienced by the patient and consequently, the blood spillage upon withdrawal." Operating department practitioners (ODPs) have a huge role to play in seeing forth the liberation of patients from the anguish of various diseases. The situations to which operating department practitioners are often exposed as health care professionals are sometimes so complex and demanding including serious issues of health and wellbeing of various patients.

Long Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Long Paper - Essay Example This implies that the world should not be concerned with reducing consumption but reducing wastage since there are adequate resources for all people. Reduction of wastage can be accomplished through saving and recycling. While wastage can be found in almost all societal aspects, the most common forms include energy wastage and water wastage. Energy wastage can be attributed to lack of efficiency, using gas-guzzlers, and other practices that people may consider irrelevant such as leaving the water running while brushing the teeth. Although people may think that they are using the resources as they should, they may be wasting and still not realize it. According to statistical data, more than half of the energy produced is wasted through inefficiency and the fuel guzzling (Natural Resources Defense Council). The power plants also lead to high levels of power wastage. According to statistical data, power plants convert a mere 30% of the overall energy input into operational electricity. This implies that almost 70% of the fuel energy is wasted during the beginning of the power production process (WWF). These companies can improve the ir efficiency if they were willing to commit more financial resources into the power production process. This process can be improved if these companies could combine both power and heat production. These companies insist on using high heat production methods and situating these plants away from where people live. If this could be improved, there could be more than enough energy for usage in industries and homes and the call for reduction of consumption would not be relevant. The automobile industry is the other high-energy wastage sector in the society. An average automobile emits an approximated three times its weight in carbon dioxide annually. A vehicle with a consumption rate of approximately 7.8 liters in every 100 km travelling 10,000 miles annually would emit an

Has humanity progressed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Has humanity progressed - Essay Example ophical theories which includes the Leviathan theory by Thomas Hobbes, Discourse on Inequality by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Enlightenment by Immanuel Kant, and the German ideology by Karl Marx. Leviathan is a sea monster which has been referred to as the gatekeeper of hell and has been mentioned in the Bible. Hobbes introduced his Leviathan philosophy and this was one of the most important philosophies using the principle of social contract. In his theory, Hobbes discussed that the best way to reach social unity is by the establishment of a social contract where the people combine to form a central power, or government, and give their consent to an agreed set of rules and regulations. He stated that by nature, every man is considered as a competition by another and compared humans to animals with respect to violence. Hobbes stated: With the existence of a social contract, any social unrest is less likely to happen and with all the people having representation in the central authoritative body, there is also less chance of a civil war. (Infidels) When we take this into consideration and analyze whether humanity has actually progressed or not, it can be observed that humanity has not improved at all. People still have the nature of considering everyone as a competitor for them and they have become less tolerant to each other. People, in the form of nations, are fighting with each other to win others’ territory either due to the important strategic location or resources. Groups are fighting with each other on grounds of religion, and the threat factor has increased so much that despite majority of the religions fighting preach peace, yet their believers are displaying the worst form of human rights violation. Although many may argue that the popularity of democracy shows that the social contract may exist, but the truth remains that despite our actions to solve our issues with the help of a central authoritative body, we still have the same mentality and thus it

Arts Paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arts Paper 1 - Essay Example â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† had aroused a sense of empathy in me towards Jig. From her eyes, I saw the point of view of a girl who wished to turn into a woman by making her personal choice towards motherhood. As the idea of conception had always been biological, the idea of motherhood in these changing contemporary times had evolved. In times where women find equal right and opportunities in the American society especially in the time when the story was set, I saw that to Jig, to become a mother or not to become a mother should be a woman’s choice as an individual—not imposed by nature, not imposed by society, not imposed by her other half. Whether she wanted it or not, the choice belonged to her. I saw Jig’s first argument to her decision to become a mother as the valley had been described as â€Å"the country being brown and dry.† With this allusion I saw Jig’s view of her life; it did not resemble anything full of life and beauty. It was the stage of her life when she kept on traveling with her lover, the American, enjoying pleasures life can offer—alcohol, sex, travel—but I thought she saw it something â€Å"dry† and empty. Although it occurred to me that Jig wanted to pursue motherhood, there was a counter-argument to her decision. The country indeed looked brown and dry, but her other choice were â€Å"hills like white elephants.† White elephants had connotations about something grand, something pretty but the owner cannot get rid of yet it would be so costly to keep. In other words, her other choice, the baby would be like a white elephant to her. It would cost her a lot to raise the baby—time, effort, her pleasurable life—if it would be her choice. Even though Jig wanted to make that choice, to her, there was a dilemma: her lover, the American’s contention. In order for them to be together, at least for him to stay with her, Jig should have an abortion. The American views their

Long Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Long Paper - Essay Example This implies that the world should not be concerned with reducing consumption but reducing wastage since there are adequate resources for all people. Reduction of wastage can be accomplished through saving and recycling. While wastage can be found in almost all societal aspects, the most common forms include energy wastage and water wastage. Energy wastage can be attributed to lack of efficiency, using gas-guzzlers, and other practices that people may consider irrelevant such as leaving the water running while brushing the teeth. Although people may think that they are using the resources as they should, they may be wasting and still not realize it. According to statistical data, more than half of the energy produced is wasted through inefficiency and the fuel guzzling (Natural Resources Defense Council). The power plants also lead to high levels of power wastage. According to statistical data, power plants convert a mere 30% of the overall energy input into operational electricity. This implies that almost 70% of the fuel energy is wasted during the beginning of the power production process (WWF). These companies can improve the ir efficiency if they were willing to commit more financial resources into the power production process. This process can be improved if these companies could combine both power and heat production. These companies insist on using high heat production methods and situating these plants away from where people live. If this could be improved, there could be more than enough energy for usage in industries and homes and the call for reduction of consumption would not be relevant. The automobile industry is the other high-energy wastage sector in the society. An average automobile emits an approximated three times its weight in carbon dioxide annually. A vehicle with a consumption rate of approximately 7.8 liters in every 100 km travelling 10,000 miles annually would emit an

Arts Paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arts Paper 1 - Essay Example â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† had aroused a sense of empathy in me towards Jig. From her eyes, I saw the point of view of a girl who wished to turn into a woman by making her personal choice towards motherhood. As the idea of conception had always been biological, the idea of motherhood in these changing contemporary times had evolved. In times where women find equal right and opportunities in the American society especially in the time when the story was set, I saw that to Jig, to become a mother or not to become a mother should be a woman’s choice as an individual—not imposed by nature, not imposed by society, not imposed by her other half. Whether she wanted it or not, the choice belonged to her. I saw Jig’s first argument to her decision to become a mother as the valley had been described as â€Å"the country being brown and dry.† With this allusion I saw Jig’s view of her life; it did not resemble anything full of life and beauty. It was the stage of her life when she kept on traveling with her lover, the American, enjoying pleasures life can offer—alcohol, sex, travel—but I thought she saw it something â€Å"dry† and empty. Although it occurred to me that Jig wanted to pursue motherhood, there was a counter-argument to her decision. The country indeed looked brown and dry, but her other choice were â€Å"hills like white elephants.† White elephants had connotations about something grand, something pretty but the owner cannot get rid of yet it would be so costly to keep. In other words, her other choice, the baby would be like a white elephant to her. It would cost her a lot to raise the baby—time, effort, her pleasurable life—if it would be her choice. Even though Jig wanted to make that choice, to her, there was a dilemma: her lover, the American’s contention. In order for them to be together, at least for him to stay with her, Jig should have an abortion. The American views their

Negative Affects of Social Media Essay Example for Free

Negative Affects of Social Media Essay Social media is like a game. Once you learn and get along with how to use these websites you get addicted to it. For example, now I am addicted to social media. Before I was introduced to social media I did all of my homework and was one of the top students in the class. From that moment I became engage to websites such as facebook, tweeter, ooVoo and instagram. It affected my life pessimistically. For instance, these days I can’t stop checking my facebook and instagram. Furthermore, theses days I am missing lot homework on most of my classes do to the escalating expose of social media. So due to these entire dilemma, I believe social media has many negative effect on teens life. see more:essay on social media First, students/teens spent too much time on social media. For example, Jazmin said she spent more time on websites like fb and texting than homework. â€Å"One quarter of teens say they log on to their favorite social media websites 10 or more times each day† (Gordan). Next due to the use of social media students gets lower grades on test and are lacking on during homework because they are busy chatting, texting, video chatting, etc. For example, I asked Jazmin agrees with me saying that she use social media rather than studying for testes or during homework. At last, teens are not going outside, spending time with family and are not active due to the social media. That’s why social media has negative affect on teen’s life. Next, many teens get cyber bullied through social media. For example, in a 2010 survey of students age 11 to 18 administer by the Cyberbulling Research Center, 20% said they had been cyber bullied. Also in sum cases teens make fake accounts a nd cyber bully other through the social media. Furthermore, in the article call â€Å"Cyberbulling’’ it says that member of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender get bullied more then others. For example in the survey it showed that 36.4% of these members got cyberbullied. At last, another negative effect of the social media is that it impairs students/teens writing skills. For example, sometimes when I am writings important paper I instant to use words like u, wat, c and others words in my writing due to using them numerous times in my texting and chatting. After that, teens become nastiest in spelling and using the proper sentence due to the usage of social media. In the article call â€Å" Grades 9-10 Literacy: The Power of New Media Annotated Student work† it says that student not only become appalling at spellings, grammars but also at literatures. I do know there some optimistic used of social media such as asking for homework they missed. But still, they are incorrect because do to social media teens can’t concentrate on their work. For example, they use social media for violence. Next, teens are constantly checking Facebook to see/get involve in things that are happening. So it distracts them from studying, doing schoolwork and others too. At last, the use social media for negative use like cyberbulling. As a result you can see social media has negative affects on teens life. For example, getting addicted, cyberbulling and it affects students writing skills. Furthermore, due to social media teens are lacking in education and being active. These are the reasons how social media is negative. And also I urge parents to check what your kids are doing and try to get involve in your sons and daughters life little more.

Analysing The Religious Views On Euthanasia Philosophy Essay

Analysing The Religious Views On Euthanasia Philosophy Essay When it comes to religious point of views on issues, euthanasia is one of the most controversial moral topics of all time. Euthanasia comes from the Greek word ÃŽÂ µÃƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± meaning good death. Euthanasia can be defined as the practice of ending a life in a technique that reduces pain and suffering ( Eike-Henner 11). Religions such as the Roman Catholics and Orthodox Judaism oppose euthanasia on the grounds that it invades Gods territory of life and death. Life is considered a gift from God and should only be taken back by God. There are different forms of euthanasia: voluntary/involuntary and active/passive. Active euthanasia is the inducement of death by taking specific steps such overdose of painkillers or sleeping pills. Passive euthanasia, on the other hand, is the discontinuation of medical treatment in a terminal case so as to allow the patient have a natural death. Voluntary euthanasia is killing a person for the purpose of relieving pain from terminal or incurable illness or injury with their consent. Finally, involuntary euthanasia is killing a person for the purpose of relieving suffering without first obtaining the persons consent. This paper will examine the ethical views of the Roman Catholics and the Orthodox Jews on the act of euthanasia. The Roman Catholic teachings have a precise definition for euthanasia. Pope John Paul II describes it as an act or omission which of itself or by intention causes death, with the purpose of eliminating all suffering (Evangelium vitae [Ev], 1995, n. 65). The Church teaches that it is morally unacceptable and constitutes it as a murderous act, which is contrary to what they call the dignity of a person. Namely that every individual is born with dignity, and they are an estimable value. They value the human life, because a person indeed is priceless, for they are created by God. Euthanasia is an act that denies respect of God, the creator. Even if a person is acting on good faith, nothing changes the nature of what euthanasia is; at the very base euthanasia is an act of murder. When it comes to physicians assisted suicide the Roman Catholics describe it as a grave sin against God, because it suggests that a person is in charge of their body instead of God the creator. Physicians assiste d suicide can be defined as a doctor or medical staff person prescribes a lethal amount of medication with the intent of assisting a person commit suicide (John 151). The patient then takes the dose or turns the switch. Since preserving life is the greatest good for Catholics, they believe that the 5th commandment in the Old Testament of the Bible says it all Thou shall not kill (John 14). They believe this applies to killing oneself or killing someone else who has asked to die such as a terminally ill patient. No human being has the authority to make life and death decisions. Killing denies the victim something that he or she values greatly, continued life or a future. Moreover, since continued life is necessary for pursuing future endeavors, killing brings the suppression of all of these plans. Therefore, Catholics believe that doctor assisted-suicide deprives an individual of a future that they potentially couldve had. In the case of sustaining life, it is said that one is obligated to use ordinary means, but one is not always obligated to use extraordinary means. The term ordinary means refers to all medicines, treatments, and operations, which offer a reasonable hope of benefit for the patient and which can be obtained and used without excessive expense, pain, or other inconvenience. By contrast, extraordinary means refers toall medicines, treatments, and operations which cannot be obtained or used without excessive expense, pain or other inconvenience, or which, if used, would not offer a reasonable hope of benefit. (John 30). These two concepts are derived from the general distinctions between avoiding evil and doing good. Thus, the duty to preserve life is a duty to do good which has reasonable limits, whereas euthanasia or mercy killing is evil and hence must be avoided. The Catholic position is a firm no to active euthanasia, but passive euthanasia could be acceptable in certain limited case s. For example, a therapy which was only prolonging death in a hopeless case and is morally acceptable, since the ultimate purpose is not suicide or euthanasia, but rather, an act whose moral object may be precisely described as allowing the patient to die for legitimate reasons. According to Roman Catholics, everything happens for a reason, by trying to control life or death, we would be interfering with Gods will. The sanctity of life principle, which rests on the human persons unique relationship with God, is the basis of the Churchs honoring of human life as a basic value. Under this principle, direct intervention to end the life of a patient in a terminal condition would not be condoned. This negative position also follows from the religious principle of divine sovereignty, the idea that God has the right over life and death, and the end of human life is not subject to a persons free judgment (Eike-Henner 32). Catholics believe that the end of life is a very spiritual time, and euthanasia happens to interrupt this spiritual moment. As stated in the bible So God made man to his own image, to the image of God he created him: male and female he created them. (Genesis 1:27). (Eike-Henner 37). Saying that God made man to his own image, does not mean that human beings look like God, but rather human beings have distinct capacity for rational existence that permits them to see what is good and want what is good. As people flourish these capabilities, they live a life that is equivalent to Gods life of love. The Roman Catholic Church affirms mans basic unity and his living in this world for God and for others. More than simply living in this world, the Church affirms life as a participation in the life of God in such a way that earthly life makes it possible and prepares one for participation in eternal life. Everyone faces death in its inevitability, a reality occurring only once. Catholics however, believe that death, like birth and life, is part of the same hu man condition. One is born in order to live and eventually die, having made the very best one could of all three conditions in one continuing totality. Death comes at the end of life so that one may go forward and meet in fullness having completed that life. Judaism is, in its essence, a life affirming faith. And Thou Shall live by them Gods Commandments, (Leviticus 18:5) is the central imperative of Torah. Orthodox Judaism is one of the modern Jewish movements who believe that both the Written and Oral Torah are divine and represents the word of God. (John 37) When it comes to the topic of euthanasia, Orthodox Jews believe that man is charged with preserving, dignifying and hallowing his life. But he is not given the absolute title over his life and body, only its caretaker, for life is a gift from God, to whom the individual is responsible for its preservation. My God, the soul with which Thou hast endowed me is pure. Thou hast created it. Thou hast formed it. Thou has breathed it into meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦So long as there is soul within me, I give thanks before Thee, Lord my God. (John 99) Man is never called upon to determine whether life is worth living. According to Orthodox Jews life is a gift of infinite value. Since infinity is, by definition indivisible, it clearly makes no moral difference whether one shortens life by many years or by a few minutes, or he was old and physically or mentally disabled. In such cases, suicide is no less culpable than murder. When it comes to physician assisted suicide, one aspect needs to be taken into consideration, The Hippocratic Oath. The physician derives his ethical warrant from the Hippocratic Oath, which on one hand, requires that he desist from supplying deadly medicine to his patients for the purpose of hastening their demise, or even from offering advice which may lead to suicide, and on the other, that he relieves suffering. The discontinuation of artificial life supporting therapy is determined by the halakhic status (Jewish Law) of the terminally ill patient. A person who is regarded as having no chance of survival beyond 12 months, in spite of the application of all unknown therapeutic techniques is called a treifah (Eike-Henner 87). Therefore, regarded as a living being, and its ephemeral life has full halakhic value. However, if one kills a treifah is guilty of murder. However, if death is imminent, in consequence of loss of a vital organ or massive arterial bleeding it is termed a nevei la me-hayyim (Eike-Henner 87) and is not considered as already dead, because recovery is possible in exceptional cases. The final phase for terminally ill patients is called goses, (Eike-Henner 88) which is the inability to swallow own saliva. According to Judaism it is generally held that most patients in this condition cannot recover and that death will come within 3 days. If thats the case, then, the physician may discontinue medication for the existing condition and does not need to initiate treatment of an unrelated and possibly fatal complication. In all cases, nutriments as well as painkillers should be supplied. Among rabbinic ethicists, Rav Moshe Feinstein holds that when a patient is gripped by unbearable pain and suffering, nature should be allowed to take its course. Thus when a patient is on a respirator and the machine is temporarily removed for servicing, if the patient shows no sign of life the machine need not be restored (John 87). However, Orthodox Jews do allow f or the termination of artificial means of the patient if such means does not enhance the patients state and are the only things keeping the patient alive. It is also acceptable to take strong painkillers, even it they hasten death, as long as the drug is not the cause of death and the intention is to alleviate pain and not to cause death. Orthodox Jews do recognize the pain and suffering a patient experiences and the effect it has on the family, however, the Jewish faith has always responded against the termination of a persons life, even in the most severe cases when it may become evident to them that life is meaningless. Roman Catholics and Orthodox Jews have similar ethical views when it comes to the termination of ones life. They believe that suffering is used to purify ones soul, and God has the only right over a persons body. Dr. Kavorkian also known as Dr. Death is an American pathologist that performed assisted suicide in 1990s. From an Orthodox Jews perspective, Dr. Kavorkian is known as a murderer, because under the Jewish law, any form of active euthanasia is strictly prohibited and condemned as plain murder. Murder is one of the 3 fundamental sins prohibited by the Torah, and anyone who kills a person is guilty to the death penalty as a common murder. Similarly, the Roman Catholics disapprove physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia, on the grounds that it invades Gods property and to assist some in committing suicide is to commit murder, which goes against Gods unequivocal commandment Thou Shall not Kill. Euthanasia is one of the most controversial topics facing religions. The Bible and the Torah both state that human life is the property of God, and as humans we are only caretakers of that property, and have no consent of destroying something that does not belong to us. Every human life is valuable, regardless of their age, sex, or race. Catholics and Orthodox Jews would state that anybody who insists that they have the choice to terminate their life is denying the truth of their intrinsic relationship with God. People should not ask for euthanasia because no one knows the significance of each human being, for every human life is priceless